Route family: Entrepreneur
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Countries
| Country and route | Status | Instrument type | Initial duration | Renewable | Work rights | Counts toward permanent residence | Presence rules | Family members may be included | Headline fee | Minimum capital | Endorsement required | Jobs to be created |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria Red-White-Red Card for Self-employed Key Workers | Active as of 2026-08-12[5][11] | residence permit as of 2026-08-12[14] NAG § 8 Abs. 1 Z 1: an Aufenthaltstitel entitling the holder to fixed-term settlement and to the gainful activity covered by the AuslBG opinion. | 2 years as of 2026-08-12[5][11] NAG § 41 Abs. 5: the Red-White-Red Card is to be issued for a period of two years. The shorter-contract rule in the second sentence of § 41 Abs. 5 applies only to the employed limbs (Abs. 1 and Abs. 2 Z 1 to 3a), not to this one, so the two years are a fixed grant. | Not established from a qualifying source | self-employment only as of 2026-08-12[5][14] NAG § 8 Abs. 1 Z 1 limits the card to the gainful activity for which the AuslBG opinion was issued; the portal states it entitles the holder to the self-employed occupation described in the application. Taking up employment requires a change of purpose to another Red-White-Red Card category. | Yes as of 2026-08-12[13][14] NAG § 45 Abs. 1 grants the „Daueraufenthalt – EU“ title after five years of uninterrupted actual settlement; NAG § 8 Abs. 1 Z 1 makes this card a settlement title. | Yes as of 2026-08-12[4] | application: EUR 120 as of 2026-08-12[5] | Recorded at the source, but not reducible to a single value as of 2026-08-12[1][5] | Yes as of 2026-08-12[1][11] AuslBG § 24 Abs. 3: the provincial office of the Public Employment Service must issue, within three weeks and after hearing the provincial directorate, the expert opinion required in the residence procedure under NAG § 41. | Recorded at the source, but not reducible to a single value as of 2026-08-12[1] | |
| Austria Red-White-Red Card for Start-up Founders | Active as of 2026-08-12[6][11] | residence permit as of 2026-08-12[14] | 2 years as of 2026-08-12[11] | Not established from a qualifying source | self-employment only as of 2026-08-12[6][14] NAG § 8 Abs. 1 Z 1 and the portal: fixed-term settlement and the pursuit of the self-employed occupation. Employment requires a change of purpose to another Red-White-Red Card category. | Yes as of 2026-08-12[13][14] Five years of uninterrupted actual settlement under NAG § 45 Abs. 1; this is a settlement title under NAG § 8 Abs. 1 Z 1. | Yes as of 2026-08-12[4] | application: EUR 218 as of 2026-08-12[6] | EUR 30,000 as of 2026-08-12[1][6] AuslBG § 24 Abs. 2 Z 5: capital for the company to be founded of at least EUR 30,000, of which at least half must be equity. migration.gv.at states the same as 'capital for the company to be founded amounting to EUR 30,000 minimum with an equity share of at least 50%'. The equity split is a condition on this amount and has no field of its own. | Yes as of 2026-08-12[1] AuslBG § 24 Abs. 3: expert opinion of the provincial office of the Public Employment Service within three weeks, after hearing the provincial directorate. | Not applicable as of 2026-08-12[1] No job-creation condition applies at the application stage. Two full-time employees are required only for the later change of purpose to a Red-White-Red Card plus under AuslBG § 24 Abs. 4, carried in permit.renewal_requirements. | |
| Austria Settlement Permit | Active as of 2026-08-12[12][14] | residence permit as of 2026-08-12[14] NAG § 8 Abs. 1 Z 4: entitles the holder to fixed-term settlement and to self-employed gainful activity. | 12 months as of 2026-08-12[10] NAG § 20 Abs. 1: fixed-term residence titles are issued for twelve months, or for the longer period this Act determines, unless a shorter period was applied for or the travel document does not run that long. § 43 sets no longer period, so the twelve-month default applies. No bound marker is set: the source states a term with two narrow exceptions rather than a ceiling or a floor. | Yes as of 2026-08-12[3][10] NAG § 20 Abs. 1a provides for issue for three years on the conditions recorded in renewal_duration, which presupposes a further title; migration.gv.at states that after a completed total settlement period of two years a settlement permit for three years can be issued. | self-employment only as of 2026-08-12[14] NAG § 8 Abs. 1 Z 4: fixed-term settlement and the pursuit of a self-employed gainful activity. | Yes as of 2026-08-12[13][14] Settlement title; five years of uninterrupted actual settlement under NAG § 45 Abs. 1. | Not established from a qualifying source | application: EUR 218 as of 2026-08-12[3] | Not applicable as of 2026-08-12[12] NAG § 43 sets no capital condition. Abs. 1 requires the general conditions of Part 1 of the Act and two years' exercise of an activity under AuslBG § 24 Abs. 1 that is to be continued; the capital question is answered, if at all, in the earlier Red-White-Red Card procedure. | No as of 2026-08-12[12] NAG § 43 Abs. 1 states its conditions exhaustively — the Part 1 general requirements and the two-year activity condition — and does not require a fresh Public Employment Service opinion, unlike NAG § 41 Abs. 2. Recorded on that closed list; the Public Employment Service's role at this stage was not separately researched. | Not recorded | |
| Belgium Professional card for foreign entrepreneurs | Active as of 2026-08-13[24] | Not recorded | 1 to 3 years as of 2026-07-28[23][26] Decree art. 12, 3°: the card is granted for the duration of the self-employed activity, to a maximum of three years. The portal states the granted validity is 'between one and three years and is set according to the value added by the file'. | Yes as of 2026-07-28[23][26] Decree art. 12, 3°: 'Als de geldigheidsduur van de beroepskaart is verstreken, kan de beroepskaart hernieuwd worden.' | self-employment only as of 2026-07-28[24][26] Decree art. 12, 2°: the card is limited to the self-employed professional activity for which it was issued. Any change of or addition to the activity requires a new card. A card may be held alongside employment as a main occupation, in which case a valid work permit for at least a half-time position must be produced — that employment right comes from the work permit, not from the card. | Yes as of 2026-06-24[16] Aliens Act art. 15bis § 1 al. 2 lists exhaustively the categories whose residence does not count toward EU long-term resident status — students and vocational trainees, beneficiaries of temporary protection, holders of protection other than international protection, and further listed cases. Residence for a self-employed activity is not among them, and art. 15 (establishment) requires only five years' regular and uninterrupted residence. | Yes as of 2026-06-24[16] | application: EUR 140 as of 2026-08-13[23] | EUR 22,838 as of 2026-08-13[23][24][26] Applies to the economic-added-value category only, not to the innovative, sporting or cultural/artistic categories. Decree art. 7 al. 1 sets the start capital at EUR 18,600, to be used for developing the activity, and al. 4 lets the Flemish Government change the amount but never below EUR 18,600; the portal states EUR 22,838 as the indexed amount from 1 January 2026 and requires evidence that it is held in a financial account in the applicant's own name. The applied 2026 figure is recorded here and the statutory floor is recorded in this note; the two are not in conflict. | No as of 2026-08-13[24] No committee, accelerator or incubator vetting is a condition of the card. Cooperation with an incubator or accelerator, or with a research and knowledge-dissemination organisation, is one of three alternative ways of showing innovative added value, and from 1 September 2026 a signed cooperation letter also buys fast-track processing — in both cases an option, not a gate. | Recorded at the source, but not reducible to a single value as of 2026-07-28[24][26] | |
| Belgium Professional card for non-European nationals | Active as of 2026-08-13[17] | Not recorded | up to 5 years as of 2026-08-13[17] 'The professional card is attributed for a maximum period of five years. Generally, an initial card is granted for a probation period of two years.' The bounds form carries the published ceiling; the two-year first card is administrative practice the page describes as general rather than a rule, so it is not recorded as the value. | Yes as of 2026-08-13[17] Renewal must be applied for at least two months before expiry, through an enterprise counter, and is conditioned on regulatory, tax and social compliance, on the economic-value criterion, and on the profitability of the business unless losses are explained by investments likely to contribute to future success. | self-employment only as of 2026-08-13[17] 'The permit is issued for one or more specific activities as mentioned on the card.' A new permit must be obtained before changing or adding activities. | Yes as of 2026-06-24[16] Same basis as the Flemish route: residence for a self-employed activity is not among the categories Aliens Act art. 15bis § 1 al. 2 excludes from counting toward EU long-term resident status, and art. 15 requires only five years' regular and uninterrupted residence. |
| Yes as of 2026-06-24[16] | application: EUR 140 as of 2026-08-13[17] | Not established from a qualifying source as of 2026-08-13[17] Brussels publishes no capital minimum for the professional card. The economic test is qualitative — the project must benefit the prosperity of the Brussels-Capital Region — and the page states no figure. Recorded unknown rather than zero: the run did not establish that the Ordinance of 1 February 2024 or its implementing Decree is silent on the point, only that the administering authority's own page is. | No as of 2026-08-13[17] No accelerator, incubator or committee endorsement appears among the conditions or the required documents. The assessment is made by Brussels Economy and Employment itself against the three criteria of residence right, regulatory compliance and benefit to the Region's prosperity. | Not recorded |
| Belgium Professional card for self-employed workers who are not Belgian nationals | Active as of 2026-08-13[27] | Not recorded | up to 5 years as of 2026-08-13[27] 'Professional cards are allocated for a maximum period of five years. A first card is usually issued on a probationary basis for two years.' The bounds form carries the published ceiling; the two-year first card is described as usual practice, not as a rule. | Yes as of 2026-08-13[27] Renewable at the end of the period provided the holder satisfies the regulatory, tax and social obligations and the criterion of usefulness that justified the original grant. The renewal application must be submitted at least three months before expiry — a month earlier than Brussels requires. | self-employment only as of 2026-08-13[27] 'The card is issued for one or more specific activities, as stated on the authorisation. Any change or addition to this activity therefore requires a new authorisation to be issued in advance.' | Yes as of 2026-06-24[16] Same basis as the other two regional routes: Aliens Act art. 15bis § 1 al. 2's exclusion list does not cover residence for a self-employed activity, and art. 15 requires only five years' regular and uninterrupted residence. |
| Yes as of 2026-06-24[16] | application: EUR 140 as of 2026-08-13[27] | Not established from a qualifying source as of 2026-08-13[27] Wallonia publishes no capital minimum. The page lists 'the applicant's financial capabilities', a market study, a financial plan and a financial analysis among the documents that may be attached, without stating a threshold. Recorded unknown rather than zero. | No as of 2026-08-13[27] No accelerator, incubator or committee vetting is a condition. The Walloon Economic Enquiry Council for Aliens (Conseil économique pour étrangers) intervenes only on appeal against a refusal, not in the first-instance assessment. | Not recorded |
| Bulgaria long-stay residence permit — commercial activity with job creation (Foreigners Act, art. 24(1)(2)) | Active as of 2026-08-25[28] | residence permit as of 2026-08-25[28] | up to 1 year as of 2026-08-25[31] ЗЧРБ чл. 23, ал. 1, т. 2: продължително residence is 'with a permitted term of up to one year, save in the cases provided for in this Act'. The register prices the permit in two bands, up to 6 months and up to 1 year. | Yes as of 2026-08-25[28] The register's filing rule — 'no later than 14 days before the permitted stay expires' — and its provision for repeat certificates presuppose extension. | none as of 2026-08-25[32] ЗТМТМ чл. 8, ал. 1, т. 2: a third-country national holding a continuous-residence permit on the ground in ЗЧРБ чл. 24, ал. 1, т. 2 has no right of access to the Bulgarian labour market. The grounds listed there are чл. 24, ал. 1, т. 2, 6 – 8, 10, 14, 16, 19 and 20, and the list is closed. | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Yes as of 2026-08-25[31] | application: BGN 10 one-off as of 2026-08-25[28] Source states the threshold in Bulgarian leva. Bulgaria adopted the euro on 2026-01-01 at the fixed rate 1 EUR = 1.95583 BGN; none of the sources consulted publishes a redenominated figure for this threshold. | Not established from a qualifying source | Not established from a qualifying source Not stated by the register entry. | 10 as of 2026-08-25[28][31] At least 10 full-time jobs for Bulgarian citizens, created as a result of the commercial activity and maintained for the duration of the residence, unless an international treaty ratified, promulgated and in force for Bulgaria provides otherwise. The requirement applies to each partner separately, and the same conditions apply to each manager separately. |
| Bulgaria long-stay residence permit — representative of a foreign commercial company with a trade representation registered at the Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Foreigners Act, art. 24(1)(6)) | Active as of 2026-08-25[28][30] | residence permit as of 2026-08-25[28] | up to 1 year as of 2026-08-25[31] ЗЧРБ чл. 23, ал. 1, т. 2: продължително residence is 'with a permitted term of up to one year, save in the cases provided for in this Act'. The register prices the permit in two bands, up to 6 months and up to 1 year. | Yes as of 2026-08-25[28] The register's filing rule — 'no later than 14 days before the permitted stay expires' — and its provision for repeat certificates presuppose extension. | none as of 2026-08-25[32] ЗТМТМ чл. 8, ал. 1, т. 2: a third-country national holding a continuous-residence permit on the ground in ЗЧРБ чл. 24, ал. 1, т. 6 has no right of access to the Bulgarian labour market. The grounds listed there are чл. 24, ал. 1, т. 2, 6 – 8, 10, 14, 16, 19 and 20, and the list is closed. | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Yes as of 2026-08-25[31] | application: BGN 10 one-off as of 2026-08-25[28] Source states the threshold in Bulgarian leva. Bulgaria adopted the euro on 2026-01-01 at the fixed rate 1 EUR = 1.95583 BGN; none of the sources consulted publishes a redenominated figure for this threshold. | Not applicable as of 2026-08-25[28][30] | Yes as of 2026-08-25[28] A certificate of current registration of the trade representation at the Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, issued not earlier than one month before it is produced, must state that the чл. 24, ал. 1, т. 6 conditions are met. Not more than two representatives of each foreign commercial company may obtain a permit on this ground. | Not recorded |
| Croatia Stay and work permit – self-employment in a company in which the third-country national holds an ownership share of at least 51 per cent | Active as of 2026-07-17[110][115] | residence permit as of 2026-08-15[110][115] A stay and work permit (dozvola za boravak i rad) is the single permit that lets a third-country national stay and work in Croatia; it is issued as a biometric residence permit. | up to 2 years as of 2026-07-17[110][119] The Ministry of Economy states that a stay and work permit is issued for the term of the employment contract, and at most three years, or two years where it is issued without a labour market test and an opinion of the Croatian Employment Service. Permits under art. 110, including both self-employment limbs, are issued without either, so the two-year ceiling is the one recorded. The gazette states the same rule directly: art. 91(10), fourth indent, as substituted by NN 40/2025 — “– na vrijeme koje je potrebno za obavljanje posla odnosno na vrijeme na koje je sklopljen ugovor o radu, a najdulje do dvije godine dana ako se odobrava ili produljuje na temelju članka 110. ovoga Zakona”. | Yes as of 2026-07-17[110][112] An application to extend is lodged at the latest 30 days before the permit expires, at the police administration of the holder's place of residence, which must decide before the current permit expires. No labour market test or Employment Service opinion is required for an extension for the same employer, the same occupation and the same third-country national. | own activity only as of 2026-08-15[115] | Yes as of 2026-08-15[111] The Ministry lists the stays that do not count toward the five years required for long-term residence – seasonal workers, service providers, posted workers, volunteers, trainees, intra-corporate transferees, other essential WTO-protocol personnel, frontier workers, stay granted for other purposes, secondary school education and time serving a prison sentence. Self-employment permits are not among the exclusions, so time on them counts. |
| Yes as of 2025-03-07[119] | application: EUR 74.32 as of 2026-08-15[115] Administrative fee payable for a granted stay and work permit. | EUR 26,544.56 as of 2022-10-03[116][118] Aliens Act art. 113(1)(1), (2)(1) and (3)(1) each carried HRK 200,000 until NN 114/2022 replaced that figure with EUR 26,544.56 with effect from euro introduction. Ordinance art. 36(1)(3) requires invoices and other evidence of investment through tangible and intangible assets of at least that amount: tangible assets are the value of real estate or buildings and equipment or machinery, of which real estate may account for at most 50 per cent of total tangible assets; intangible assets may include patents, licences, know-how and similar; and the assets must be used exclusively in the company, be depreciable, and appear on the balance sheet. The ordinance's own text still names the kuna figure – it has not been re-expressed in euro – so the euro amount is taken from the Act as amended. | Not established from a qualifying source[116] | 3 as of 2022-02-16[116] Ordinance art. 36(1)(1): copies of employment contracts and of registrations for pension and compulsory health insurance for at least three Croatian citizens. The ordinance does not state a salary floor for those three on this limb, and does not extend the requirement to EEA nationals in its wording, unlike the labour-market-test conditions elsewhere in the system. |
| Croatia Stay and work permit – self-employment in a craft (sole trade) in which the third-country national holds an ownership share of at least 51 per cent | Active as of 2026-07-17[110][115] | residence permit as of 2026-08-15[110][115] A stay and work permit (dozvola za boravak i rad) is the single permit that lets a third-country national stay and work in Croatia; it is issued as a biometric residence permit. | up to 2 years as of 2026-07-17[110][119] The Ministry of Economy states that a stay and work permit is issued for the term of the employment contract, and at most three years, or two years where it is issued without a labour market test and an opinion of the Croatian Employment Service. Permits under art. 110, including both self-employment limbs, are issued without either, so the two-year ceiling is the one recorded. The gazette states the same rule directly: art. 91(10), fourth indent, as substituted by NN 40/2025 — “– na vrijeme koje je potrebno za obavljanje posla odnosno na vrijeme na koje je sklopljen ugovor o radu, a najdulje do dvije godine dana ako se odobrava ili produljuje na temelju članka 110. ovoga Zakona”. | Yes as of 2026-07-17[110][112] An application to extend is lodged at the latest 30 days before the permit expires, at the police administration of the holder's place of residence, which must decide before the current permit expires. No labour market test or Employment Service opinion is required for an extension for the same employer, the same occupation and the same third-country national. | own activity only as of 2026-08-15[115] | Yes as of 2026-08-15[111] The Ministry lists the stays that do not count toward the five years required for long-term residence – seasonal workers, service providers, posted workers, volunteers, trainees, intra-corporate transferees, other essential WTO-protocol personnel, frontier workers, stay granted for other purposes, secondary school education and time serving a prison sentence. Self-employment permits are not among the exclusions, so time on them counts. |
| Yes as of 2025-03-07[119] | application: EUR 74.32 as of 2026-08-15[115] Administrative fee payable for a granted stay and work permit. | EUR 26,544.56 as of 2022-10-03[116][118] Ordinance art. 37(1)(2) sets the same investment test as for the company limb – invoices and other evidence of investment through tangible and intangible assets of at least the statutory amount, real estate capped at 50 per cent of tangible assets, assets used exclusively in the craft and depreciable – and requires a fixed-asset list (Obrazac DI) on extension. The ordinance still states HRK 200,000; the euro figure of EUR 26,544.56 is the Act's, as converted by NN 114/2022. | Not established from a qualifying source[116] No endorsement or committee assessment appears in the documentation for this limb. | 3 as of 2022-02-16[116] Ordinance art. 37(1)(1): employment contracts and pension and health-insurance registrations for at least three Croatian citizens. Art. 37(2) waives that requirement on a first application in a newly founded craft; art. 37(3) then obliges the holder to deliver, within six months of the first permit, the craft licence or the decision registering the start of the craft, together with the three employment contracts and insurance registrations. |
| Cyprus Cyprus Startup Visa | Active as of 2026-08-07[33][36] The Migration Department states that the Scheme has been renewed and is valid until December 2026. That end date is a published limit on the Scheme itself, not on an individual permit. | residence permit as of 2026-08-07[36] A temporary residence permit, preceded by a Notification of Initial Approval from the Deputy Ministry and, for applicants abroad, an entry visa. | 1 year as of 2026-08-07[36] | Yes as of 2026-08-07[36] The fee schedule provides for issue or renewal of a temporary residence permit, and the Notification of Initial Approval is renewable for at least another year. | own activity only as of 2026-08-07[36] The Notification of Initial Approval grants the right to economic activity in the Republic for the purpose of establishing, operating or developing the startup. Neither page states whether any other employment is permitted. | Not established from a qualifying source[36] Not stated on either page. |
| Not established from a qualifying source[33][36] | issuance: EUR 120 as of 2026-08-07[36] Issue of an Entry Permit and a Temporary Residence Permit. | Not established from a qualifying source[33][36] | Yes as of 2026-08-07[36] The Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy approves or rejects the application and issues the Notification of Initial Approval; the initial approval does not itself guarantee entry, residence or employment. | Not established from a qualifying source[36] The Scheme's stated goal includes the creation of new jobs, but no number is published on either page. |
| Cyprus Immigration Permit, Category A | Active as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | residence permit as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | Recorded at the source, but not reducible to a single value[34][35] | Yes as of 2026-08-07[34][35] The underlying residence right does not expire; the card is replaced on its ten-year expiry. | none as of 2026-08-07[34][35] The Immigration Permit categories are defined by the activity the holder intends to pursue and the permit does not itself confer general labour-market access. This category is a self-employment category: the permit is granted for the specific self-employed activity described in Regulation 5. | Not applicable[34][35] The Immigration Permit is itself the Republic's permanent-residence instrument, so there is no separate permanent-residence status for it to lead to. |
| Yes as of 2026-08-07[34][35] Regulation 8 of the Aliens and Immigration Regulations: the holder of an Immigration Permit may include the spouse and children under 18 as dependants. | application: EUR 500 as of 2026-08-07[34][35] EUR 500 for all persons included in the application. | EUR 430,000 as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | Yes as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | Not recorded |
| Cyprus Immigration Permit, Category B | Active as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | residence permit as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | Recorded at the source, but not reducible to a single value[34][35] | Yes as of 2026-08-07[34][35] The underlying residence right does not expire; the card is replaced on its ten-year expiry. | none as of 2026-08-07[34][35] The Immigration Permit categories are defined by the activity the holder intends to pursue and the permit does not itself confer general labour-market access. This category is a self-employment category: the permit is granted for the specific self-employed activity described in Regulation 5. | Not applicable[34][35] The Immigration Permit is itself the Republic's permanent-residence instrument, so there is no separate permanent-residence status for it to lead to. |
| Yes as of 2026-08-07[34][35] Regulation 8 of the Aliens and Immigration Regulations: the holder of an Immigration Permit may include the spouse and children under 18 as dependants. | application: EUR 500 as of 2026-08-07[34][35] EUR 500 for all persons included in the application. | EUR 350,000 as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | Yes as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | Not recorded |
| Cyprus Immigration Permit, Category C | Active as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | residence permit as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | Recorded at the source, but not reducible to a single value[34][35] | Yes as of 2026-08-07[34][35] The underlying residence right does not expire; the card is replaced on its ten-year expiry. | none as of 2026-08-07[34][35] The Immigration Permit categories are defined by the activity the holder intends to pursue and the permit does not itself confer general labour-market access. This category is a self-employment category: the permit is granted for the specific self-employed activity described in Regulation 5. | Not applicable[34][35] The Immigration Permit is itself the Republic's permanent-residence instrument, so there is no separate permanent-residence status for it to lead to. |
| Yes as of 2026-08-07[34][35] Regulation 8 of the Aliens and Immigration Regulations: the holder of an Immigration Permit may include the spouse and children under 18 as dependants. | application: EUR 500 as of 2026-08-07[34][35] EUR 500 for all persons included in the application. | EUR 260,000 as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | Yes as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | Not recorded |
| Cyprus Immigration Permit, Category D | Active as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | residence permit as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | Recorded at the source, but not reducible to a single value[34][35] | Yes as of 2026-08-07[34][35] The underlying residence right does not expire; the card is replaced on its ten-year expiry. | none as of 2026-08-07[34][35] The Immigration Permit categories are defined by the activity the holder intends to pursue and the permit does not itself confer general labour-market access. This category is a self-employment category for a profession or science. | Not applicable[34][35] The Immigration Permit is itself the Republic's permanent-residence instrument, so there is no separate permanent-residence status for it to lead to. |
| Yes as of 2026-08-07[34][35] Regulation 8 of the Aliens and Immigration Regulations: the holder of an Immigration Permit may include the spouse and children under 18 as dependants. | application: EUR 500 as of 2026-08-07[34][35] EUR 500 for all persons included in the application. | Not established from a qualifying source[34][35] Category D states only that the applicant must possess sufficient funds or secured income to give effect to the intention to practise; no figure is published, unlike categories A, B and C. Recording the neighbouring categories' figures here would be an invention. | Yes as of 2026-08-07[34][35] | Not recorded |
| Czechia Long-term Residence Permit for the Purpose of Doing Business | Active as of 2026-07-27[37][44] | residence permit as of 2026-07-27[37][44] A 'povoleni k dlouhodobemu pobytu' evidenced by a biometric residence card. | up to 2 years as of 2026-07-27[37][44] s. 44(4)(j): the Ministry issues a long-term residence permit with a validity of 'az na 2 roky v ostatnich pripadech, je-li k dosazeni ucelu potrebny pobyt na uzemi delsi nez 1 rok' – up to 2 years in the residual class, which is where the business purpose falls, none of the specific limbs (a) to (i) naming it. The Information Portal states the ceiling alone: 'For a maximum of 2 years.' | Yes as of 2026-07-27[37][44] s. 44a(1)(b): the validity may be extended repeatedly, for at most the period set in s. 44(4)(j). The extension application must be lodged at the latest on the last day of the current permit's validity and at the earliest 120 days before it expires; residence stays lawful while the application is pending. | self-employment only as of 2026-07-27[37][44] | Yes as of 2026-06-12[44] s. 68(2)(a) of Act No. 326/1999 Coll. counts time on a long-term visa and on a long-term residence permit toward the 5 years of continuous residence that s. 68(1) requires for permanent residence, with no discount for this purpose of stay. | Yes as of 2026-06-12[44] Act No. 326/1999 Coll. s. 42a(1): the spouse of a foreigner with permitted residence, that foreigner's minor child or the minor child of that foreigner's spouse, a minor placed in substitute family care / adopted / warded, and a lone foreigner over 65 (or of any age who cannot care for themselves for health reasons) reuniting with a parent or child, may apply for a long-term residence permit for the purpose of family reunification. | application: CZK 2,500 as of 2026-07-27[37][39] Administrative fee, payable by bank transfer or card at a Ministry of the Interior office. | Not established from a qualifying source[37] Neither s. 46(7) nor the Information Portal's document list states a capital threshold for this permit. The financial condition is an income test, recorded on own_means_requirement, not a capital sum. Recorded unknown rather than not_applicable because no source positively states that no capital requirement exists. | No as of 2026-07-27[37][44] No committee, agency or accelerator vets the applicant. The Ministry of Industry and Trade opinion required by s. 42n(4) applies to the investment permit only; nothing equivalent appears in s. 46(7) or on this route page. | Not recorded | |
| Czechia Long-term Visa for the Purpose of Doing Business | Active as of 2026-07-28[38][41] | national visa as of 2026-06-12[41][44] A type-D national visa affixed in the passport by the diplomatic mission, not a residence card. It also carries Schengen mobility: the MFA states it 'grants its holder a right of free movement in the Schengen Area for a maximum of 90 days within any 180 days for non-gainful purposes'. | up to 1 year as of 2026-07-28[38][41][44] s. 30(3): the visa is granted with a validity and a permitted period of stay of at most 1 year. Both ministries state the ceiling: 'For a maximum of 1 year' and 'Long-term visa can be issued for a maximum period of one year.' | Yes as of 2026-06-12[41][44] s. 35(1): where the validity and permitted stay are shorter than 1 year, the Ministry will repeatedly extend them on application provided the same purpose of stay continues, for at most 1 year at a time. The MFA adds the alternative: before the visa expires the holder may instead request a change of status to a long-term residence permit – which for this purpose is cz-business-permit. | self-employment only as of 2026-06-12[41][44] | Yes as of 2026-06-12[44] s. 68(2)(a) of Act No. 326/1999 Coll. counts time on a long-term visa and on a long-term residence permit toward the 5 years of continuous residence that s. 68(1) requires for permanent residence, with no discount for this purpose of stay. |
| No as of 2026-06-12[44] A long-term visa is not a qualifying sponsor status. s. 42a(7)(a) issues the family-reunification permit only where the person to be joined 'je drzitelem povoleni k dlouhodobemu pobytu nebo povoleni k trvalemu pobytu a pobyva na uzemi po dobu nejmene 15 mesicu'. A business-visa holder holds neither, so the family cannot be brought on this instrument; the route to family reunification runs through conversion to cz-business-permit and then a further 15 months of residence. | application: CZK 5,000 as of 2026-08-22[38][43] MFA visa fee schedule, standard rate: 'Long-Term Visa – Entrepreneurship (type D) CZK 5,000' – twice the CZK 2,500 the same table charges for an ordinary long-term visa. The fee is paid on lodging the application, not on issue, and is not refunded if the visa is refused. | Not established from a qualifying source[41] No capital threshold is stated for this visa by either ministry. The financial condition is a funds test, recorded on own_means_requirement. Recorded unknown rather than not_applicable because no source positively states that no capital requirement exists. | No as of 2026-08-22[41][44] No committee, agency or accelerator vets the applicant. The consulate holds an interview and forwards the file; the Ministry of the Interior decides. | Not recorded |
| Denmark Self-employment (residence permit issued under the rules in force before 1 January 2015) | Closed as of 2026-06-29[59][61] Closed to new applicants. SIRI states that an application on the basis of a new business has to be submitted via the Start-up Denmark scheme, and its fee schedule lists only extensions of 'permits for self-employment granted before January 1 2015'. Existing holders can still extend indefinitely if they still run the same business, it stays persistently active, they play an active part in running it, and there continue to be significant Danish commercial interests in its operation – documented by commercial progress such as cooperation or sale agreements and project plans. | Not recorded | Not recorded | Not recorded | Not recorded | Not recorded | Not recorded | Not recorded | Not recorded | Not recorded | Not recorded | Not recorded |
| Denmark Start-up Denmark | Active as of 2026-06-29[62] | residence permit as of 2026-06-29[62] SIRI issues a combined residence and work permit; the work permit is limited to the business that forms the basis of the permit. | up to 2 years as of 2026-06-29[62][63] 'Up to 2 years' in both language editions. A permit can be shortened so that it expires three months before the passport does. | Yes as of 2026-06-29[62][63] | own activity only as of 2026-06-29[62][63] The holder may work only in the business the permit was granted for. Unpaid voluntary work is allowed. Sideline employment requires a separate permit, and a salaried job or a new business requires a new application – though under the job-change rule work may begin once the new application is submitted. The permit gives no right to work in other Schengen states. | Yes as of 2026-07-07[66] Permanent residence requires eight years' uninterrupted legal residence on a permit under Aliens Act sections 7-9 f, 9 i-9 n, 9 p or 9 q; a section 9 a permit is within that range. Time on this route therefore counts. Whether the holder can also satisfy the separate employment condition – regular full-time work or self-employment for 3 years and 6 months of the last 4 – is a question about the individual business, not about the route. |
| Yes as of 2026-06-29[62][63] | application: DKK 3,060 as of 2026-06-29[59][62] | Not recorded | Yes as of 2026-06-29[62][63][65] The business idea must be approved by an independent expert panel appointed by the Danish Business Authority (Erhvervsstyrelsen) before an application for a residence and work permit can be lodged with SIRI. The same panel assesses extensions. | Not recorded |
| Estonia Residence permit for business – for shareholders of a company | Active as of 2026-06-29[67][70] | residence permit as of 2026-06-29[67][70] | up to 5 years as of 2026-06-29[67][70] Statutory maximum. Aliens Act s. 119(1): a temporary residence permit is issued with a period of validity of up to five years; the Police and Border Guard Board states the same for the residence permit for business. The actual term is set case by case under s. 119(2). | Yes as of 2026-08-08[70] The Police and Border Guard Board states that a temporary residence permit may be extended for up to 10 years at a time. | full as of 2025-04-15[67][68] | Yes as of 2026-06-29[67][77] Aliens Act s. 232(1)(1): a long-term resident's residence permit may be issued to a person who has resided in Estonia on the basis of a residence permit for at least the last five years before the application. The provision is not limited by the basis on which the temporary residence permit was issued. |
| Yes as of 2026-06-29[67][74] A family member of a foreign national residing in Estonia on the basis of a residence permit may be issued a temporary residence permit to settle with them. | application: EUR 350 as of 2025-01-01[75] Temporary residence permit for business, application submitted in Estonia. | EUR 65,000 as of 2026-06-29[67][70] Aliens Act s. 192(2): a person holding a share in a company must have invested at least EUR 65,000 in the share capital of an Estonian company, for which real estate, machinery or equipment has been acquired and registered as fixed assets in Estonia. Under s. 192(2-1) the requirement does not apply where the company has been entered in the Estonian commercial register for less than 12 months and commences operation with state or private investment support, or in the case of a start-up company. Under s. 192(7) and s. 194(2), after one year the holding condition may be replaced by annual sales revenue of at least EUR 200,000 or by monthly social tax on employees equal to that payable on fivefold the Estonian annual average gross wage. | No as of 2026-06-29[67][70] No committee or accelerator evaluation is required on this limb; the expert-committee evaluation in s. 192(2-1)(2) and the authority's guidance applies to start-up companies. | Not recorded |
| Estonia Residence permit for business – for sole proprietors | Active as of 2026-06-29[67][72] | residence permit as of 2026-06-29[67][72] | up to 5 years as of 2026-06-29[67][72] Statutory maximum. Aliens Act s. 119(1): a temporary residence permit is issued with a period of validity of up to five years; the Police and Border Guard Board states the same for the residence permit for business. The actual term is set case by case under s. 119(2). | Yes as of 2026-08-08[72] The Police and Border Guard Board states that a temporary residence permit may be extended for up to 10 years at a time. | full as of 2025-04-15[67][68] | Yes as of 2026-06-29[67][77] Aliens Act s. 232(1)(1): a long-term resident's residence permit may be issued to a person who has resided in Estonia on the basis of a residence permit for at least the last five years before the application. The provision is not limited by the basis on which the temporary residence permit was issued. |
| Yes as of 2026-06-29[67][74] A family member of a foreign national residing in Estonia on the basis of a residence permit may be issued a temporary residence permit to settle with them. | application: EUR 350 as of 2025-01-01[75] Temporary residence permit for business, application submitted in Estonia. | EUR 16,000 as of 2026-06-29[67][72] Aliens Act s. 192(3): an applicant applying as a sole proprietor must have capital of at least EUR 16,000 invested in Estonia. Under s. 192(3-1) the requirement does not apply to a start-up company. The sole proprietorship must be entered in the Estonian commercial register (s. 192(1)(2)). | No as of 2026-06-29[67][72] No committee evaluation is required on this limb. | Not recorded |
| Estonia Residence permit for business – for start-up entrepreneurs | Active as of 2026-06-29[67][73] | residence permit as of 2026-06-29[67][73] | up to 5 years as of 2026-06-29[67][73] Statutory maximum. Aliens Act s. 119(1): a temporary residence permit is issued with a period of validity of up to five years; the Police and Border Guard Board states the same for the residence permit for business. The actual term is set case by case under s. 119(2). | Yes as of 2026-08-08[73] The Police and Border Guard Board states that a temporary residence permit may be extended for up to 10 years at a time. | full as of 2025-04-15[67][68] | Yes as of 2026-06-29[67][77] Aliens Act s. 232(1)(1): a long-term resident's residence permit may be issued to a person who has resided in Estonia on the basis of a residence permit for at least the last five years before the application. The provision is not limited by the basis on which the temporary residence permit was issued. |
| Yes as of 2026-06-29[67][74] A family member of a foreign national residing in Estonia on the basis of a residence permit may be issued a temporary residence permit to settle with them. | application: EUR 350 as of 2025-01-01[75] Temporary residence permit for business, application submitted in Estonia. | Not applicable[67][73] Aliens Act s. 192(2-1)(2) and s. 192(3-1): the EUR 65,000 share-capital requirement and the EUR 16,000 sole-proprietor capital requirement do not apply in the case of a start-up company. The authority states the condition simply as holding a share in a company registered in the Estonian Business Register. | Yes as of 2026-08-08[73] The start-up company must have received a positive evaluation from an expert committee of the Ministry of the Interior, or be exempt from evaluation. The application is submitted before the residence-permit application and the committee gives its evaluation within 10 working days of a complete application. Evaluation is not needed where the company has already been evaluated or is on the list of companies exempted by a decree of the Minister of the Interior. | Not recorded |
| Finland Residence permit for an entrepreneur | Active as of 2026-08-20[91] | residence permit as of 2026-08-20[91][96] | Not established from a qualifying source Migri's entrepreneur page states no term. Its general residence-permit-types page says only that 'a first residence permit is usually granted for one year at the most' and that the term depends on the grounds – a hedged country-level default, not a route fact, so it is not recorded as this route's duration. | Yes as of 2026-08-20[91] Migri publishes an extended-permit application and an extended-permit fee for this route. | full as of 2026-08-20[91] Migri: 'there are no limits on your right to work in Finland' on this permit, but the holder must earn their living primarily from the business, because the permit is issued for engaging in business activities. The cap is on where the income comes from, not on what work is permitted. | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Not established from a qualifying source | application: EUR 750 as of 2026-08-20[91][93] | Not recorded | No as of 2026-08-20[91][92] No third-party endorsement. The application is decided in two stages: the Economic Development Centre (Elinvoimakeskus, formerly the ELY Centre) issues a partial decision on whether the business is profitable and the applicant's means of support are secured by it, and Migri then decides the permit. That is an administrative pre-decision by a competent authority, not the startup-committee or accelerator vetting this field is defined against. | Not recorded |
| Finland Residence permit for a start-up entrepreneur | Active as of 2026-08-20[90][97] | residence permit as of 2026-08-20[96][97] | up to 2 years as of 2026-08-20[90][97] Migri: a first permit 'can be granted for 2 years', and is granted for 2 years only where the applicant proves funds for 2 years; funds for at least 1 year are the minimum. Business Finland states the permit is issued 'for a maximum of two years'. Recorded with bound: maximum on that pairing. | Yes as of 2026-08-20[90][97] An Eligibility Statement is not needed again on extension unless the applicant has not previously held a start-up permit, or unless Migri asks Business Finland for a renewed statement. | full as of 2026-08-20[97] The holder's main activity must be start-up entrepreneurship, but the permit also allows other work alongside running the start-up. | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Not established from a qualifying source | application: EUR 650 as of 2026-08-20[97] | Not recorded | Yes as of 2026-08-20[90][97] A positive Eligibility Statement from Business Finland is a precondition of the permit application and must be no more than 4 months old when the application is submitted. Business Finland's published criteria include a founding team of at least two people intending to move to Finland, at least 60 per cent team holding in the company, full-time work in the company, and sufficient resources for the company's early stage and for personal support. | Not recorded |
| France carte de séjour pluriannuelle portant la mention « talent-porteur de projet » — parcours création d’entreprise | Active as of 2026-06-01[100][104] | residence permit as of 2024-01-28[100] L. 421-16 issues a carte de séjour pluriannuelle (multi-year residence card). A long-stay visa bearing the mention "talent" is issued first where the intended stay is under 12 months (VLS-TS) or as a 3-month entry visa where it is a year or more; those are stages, not this instrument. | up to 4 years as of 2026-06-01[100][104] | Not established from a qualifying source | own activity only as of 2026-06-01[100][104] L. 421-16: "Cette carte permet l'exercice d'une activité commerciale en lien avec le projet économique ayant justifié sa délivrance" — a commercial activity connected to the project that justified issue, and nothing wider. | Yes as of 2026-06-01[103] Time on a multi-year "talent" card counts toward the five years of lawful, uninterrupted residence required for the carte de résident de longue durée-UE, except for the "salarié en mission" limb and its family members. | Yes as of 2026-06-01[104] Spouse and minor children use the simplified "famille accompagnante" procedure and receive a multi-year "talent-famille" card without going through family reunification (regroupement familial). | application: EUR 350 as of 2026-06-01[104] | EUR 30,000 as of 2025-06-16[101][104] | Yes as of 2025-06-16[101][104] CESEDA art. R. 421-33: before filing the card application the applicant must request an opinion (avis) from the ministry responsible for the economy on the real and serious character of the business-creation project. | Not recorded | |
| France carte de séjour pluriannuelle portant la mention « talent-porteur de projet » — parcours projet économique innovant | Active as of 2026-06-01[100][104] | residence permit as of 2024-01-28[100] Carte de séjour pluriannuelle under L. 421-16. | up to 4 years as of 2026-06-01[100][104] | Not established from a qualifying source | own activity only as of 2026-06-01[100][104] L. 421-16: commercial activity connected to the economic project that justified issue. | Yes as of 2026-06-01[103] Multi-year "talent" cards count toward the five years required for the carte de résident de longue durée-UE. | Yes as of 2026-06-01[104] Spouse and minor children use the simplified "famille accompagnante" procedure and receive a multi-year "talent-famille" card without going through family reunification (regroupement familial). | application: EUR 350 as of 2026-06-01[104] | Not recorded | Yes as of 2026-06-01[101][104] | Not recorded | |
| France carte de séjour « entrepreneur/profession libérale » | Active as of 2026-06-01[102] | residence permit as of 2026-06-01[102] Carte de séjour temporaire, then carte de séjour pluriannuelle on renewal. | up to 1 year as of 2026-06-01[102] | Yes as of 2026-06-01[102] Renewable while the issue conditions continue to be met. At the end of the first temporary card the holder may apply for a four-year carte de séjour pluriannuelle. A carte de séjour temporaire may not be renewed more than three consecutive times on the same ground. | self-employment only as of 2026-06-01[102] | Yes as of 2026-06-01[103] Time on a temporary or multi-year "entrepreneur/profession libérale" card counts toward the five years required for the carte de résident de longue durée-UE. |
| Not established from a qualifying source | application: EUR 350 as of 2026-06-01[102] EUR 50 stamp duty + EUR 300 tax, paid by tax stamps. | Not recorded | Yes as of 2026-06-01[102] An opinion (avis) of the platform responsible for foreign labour (plateforme en charge de la main d'oeuvre étrangère) competent in the department is required, for both the commercial/industrial/artisanal and the liberal limbs. The Arrêté of 13 May 2026 fixes the list of documents needed to request that economic-viability opinion. | Not recorded |
| Germany Residence permit for freelance self-employment (liberal professions) | Active as of 2026-08-08[45][57] | residence permit as of 2026-08-08[45] | up to 3 years as of 2026-08-08[57] | Yes as of 2026-08-08[57] | Not established from a qualifying source | Yes as of 2026-08-08[51] Standard sec. 9 settlement rules (five years) apply. The sec. 21(4) three-year acceleration does not apply to freelancers (sec. 21(5) s.4); the portal offers the three-year settlement option to business founders only. |
| Yes as of 2026-08-08[46][47][48] | application: EUR 75 as of 2026-08-08[54] | Not applicable[45][57] No capital requirement; proof of sufficient funds to finance the projects is required (portal; sec. 21(5) disapplies the sec. 21(1) criteria). | No as of 2026-08-08[45] | Not applicable[45] |
| Germany Residence permit for self-employment (setting up a business) | Active as of 2026-08-08[45][57] | residence permit as of 2026-08-08[45] | up to 3 years as of 2026-08-08[45][57] | Yes as of 2026-08-08[57] | Not established from a qualifying source | Yes as of 2026-08-08[45][58] |
| Yes as of 2026-08-08[46][47][48] | application: EUR 75 as of 2026-08-08[54] | Not applicable[45] No statutory minimum. Financing of the venture must be secured through equity or a loan commitment (sec. 21(1) s.1 no.3); the amount of capital employed is one of the statutory assessment factors (s.2). | No as of 2026-08-08[45] No applicant-side committee endorsement. The authority itself consults the competent expert bodies (chambers of commerce/crafts, trade authorities, professional bodies) ex officio (sec. 21(1) s.3). Graduates of German universities and holders of research permits benefit from the relaxed sec. 21(2a) 'soll' variant, which waives the sec. 21(1) criteria. | Not applicable[45] No fixed number of jobs. Effects on the employment and training situation are an assessment factor (sec. 21(1) s.2). The former five-jobs rule was abolished in 2012. |
| Germany Residence permit for the purpose of founding a company (start-up stipend holders) | Active as of 2026-08-08[45][56] | residence permit as of 2026-08-08[45] | Not applicable[45] Issued for the duration of the awarded stipend (sec. 21(2b) s.2); see initial_duration_basis and max_total_duration. | Not established from a qualifying source | Not established from a qualifying source | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Not established from a qualifying source | application: EUR 75 as of 2026-08-08[54] | Not applicable[45] | Yes as of 2026-08-08[45][56] | Not applicable[45] |
| Greece Residence permit for investment through the establishment and operation of a business (type B.2) | Active as of 2023-09-13[107][109] | Not recorded | 5 years as of 2023-09-13[107][109] Art. 95(1) | Yes as of 2023-09-13[107][109] Equal renewals while the investment continues to be implemented/operated | own activity only as of 2023-09-13[107][109] Permit covers the establishment and operation of the specific business; board/manager roles of a foreign-entity vehicle are expressly without remuneration (Art. 97(1)); no general labour-market access conferred | Yes as of 2023-04-01[105][107] Not excluded from EU long-term resident status; LTR conditions apply separately | Yes as of 2026-02-06[106][107] | application: EUR 2,000 as of 2023-09-13[107][109] Art. 171(1)(c) | EUR 500,000 as of 2023-09-13[107][109] Art. 97(1): minimum investment of EUR 500,000 through establishing and operating a business seated in Greece, with positive effects on national development and the economy | Yes as of 2023-09-13[107][109] Permit granted by the Minister of Migration and Asylum only on positive proposal of the Foreign Direct Investments Directorate of the Ministry of Development on the characterisation of the investment and the expediency of the permit (Art. 97(1)) | Not recorded | |
| Hungary Residence permit for guest self-employment | Active as of 2026-03-03[122][123] | residence permit as of 2026-03-03[122] | 1 year as of 2026-03-03[122] Validity of the document is capped at 1 year. | Yes as of 2026-03-03[122] | self-employment only as of 2026-03-03[122] The permit covers activities performed independently for remuneration and acting as chief executive of a business organisation. Performing actual work in the company beyond the chief-executive scope requires a residence permit for the purpose of employment or a Hungarian Card, and a holder of this permit cannot apply for either from inside Hungary. NDGAP also states that during the permit's validity and after its expiry, an application for a residence permit under another legal title is not allowed in Hungary. | No as of 2026-03-03[122][123] NDGAP states on both pages that holders of a residence permit for guest self-employment may not be granted a national residence card. |
| Yes as of 2026-03-10[120][121][122] | application: EUR 110 as of 2026-03-03[124] | Not recorded | No as of 2026-03-03[122] No startup-committee, accelerator or other third-party vetting appears among the published conditions. | 5 as of 2026-03-03[122] Applies only to the chief-executive limb, and only as one of two alternatives: either the business organisation has legally employed at least five Hungarian nationals or persons with the right of free movement and residence full-time for at least six consecutive months without interruption, or the applicant's residence in Hungary is essential to the operation of the business organisation and the detailed declaration of business activity makes it likely that he will generate income sufficient for the subsistence of the business organisation. The self-employed limb carries no job-creation condition. |
| Ireland Start-up Entrepreneur Programme (STEP) | Active as of 2025-11-27[125][127] The programme remains open to applications; the gov.ie press release closing the Immigrant Investor Programme in February 2023 expressly recorded that STEP 'will continue'. | residence permit as of 2023-09-01[128] The guidelines grant 'permission to reside and work in Ireland', registered as an immigration permission; visa-required applicants additionally receive a multiple-entry visa for the same period. Which stamp category is issued is not stated by the sources read. | 2 years as of 2025-11-27[125][128] "Permission to reside and work in Ireland for two years." Citizens Information records the same initial two-year grant. | Yes as of 2023-09-01[128] Renewal is subject to the start-up remaining in place, an evaluation-committee assessment of the success or viability of the investment, continued good character, and maintenance of private medical insurance without recourse to publicly funded welfare. | own activity only as of 2025-10-14[127][128] Permission is to reside and work on the applicant's own start-up: the holder must establish the business as set out in the application and work on it full time, and is not permitted to be employed in any other capacity. | Sources disagree as of 2025-02-06[126][128] |
| Yes as of 2023-09-01[128] Residency status on similar terms to the principal applicant is available for spouses/partners and minor children; where family members are granted residency, that status applies automatically for as long as the principal continues to meet the programme criteria. | application: EUR 350 as of 2025-10-14[127][128] Payable by electronic funds transfer and non-refundable; applications are not processed until it is paid in full. The single fee covers the principal applicant and all nominated family members. | EUR 50,000 as of 2025-11-27[125][127][128] | Yes as of 2025-10-14[127][128] An independent evaluation committee of senior public and civil servants assesses the proposal and recommends to the Minister for Justice; the committee must be satisfied that the proposal is genuinely innovative and has significant export potential. Its decision on an application is final and is not subject to review or appeal. | Not applicable as of 2023-09-01[128] |
| Italy Italia Startup Visa (ISV) | Active as of 2026-08-04[129][135] | Not recorded | 1 year as of 2026-08-04[134][135] | Yes as of 2026-08-04[134][135] | Not established from a qualifying source | Yes as of 2026-08-04[140][141] Time on a self-employment permit counts toward the 5 years for the EU long-term residence permit under general art. 9 rules. |
| Yes as of 2026-08-04[137][138] Family unity right for holders of self-employment permits of at least 1 year (TU art. 28(1)). | Not recorded | EUR 50,000 as of 2026-08-04[129][134] Financial availability of no less than EUR 50,000 to be invested in the start-up; applies to the whole team when applying as a team; Committee may require more. | Yes as of 2026-08-04[134][135] Nulla Osta ISV from the Italia Startup Visa technical committee (MIMIT); alternative certified-incubator route (Italia Startup Hub for in-country conversion). | Not recorded |
| Italy Self-employment visa – entrepreneurs (investment plan) | Active as of 2026-08-04[130][133] | Not recorded | 2 years as of 2026-08-04[139] | Yes as of 2026-08-04[131][139] | self-employment only as of 2026-08-04[136] | Yes as of 2026-08-04[140][141] |
| Yes as of 2026-08-04[137][138] | Not recorded | EUR 500,000 as of 2025-10-15[130][132] DPCM art. 6: entrepreneurs implementing an investment plan of interest to the Italian economy using own resources of no less than EUR 500,000 from lawful sources. | Not recorded | 3 as of 2025-10-15[130][132] Creation of at least three new jobs. |
| Latvia Temporary residence permit for an individual merchant registered in the commercial register | Active as of 2026-05-20[148][148] | residence permit as of 2026-05-20[148] Section 23 issues a termiņuzturēšanās atļauja – a temporary residence permit; OCMA issues it as a foreigner's eID card. | up to 5 years as of 2026-05-20[148] | Not established from a qualifying source | self-employment only as of 2025-01-01[148][149] Cabinet Regulation No. 55 sub-paragraph 2.4 lists the capacities whose residence permit carries the annotation “Komercdarbība” / “BUSINESS”: an individual merchant, a board or council member, a procurator, an administrator, a liquidator, a partnership member entitled to represent the partnership, a person authorised to represent a merchant in branch activities, a natural person registered as a performer of economic activity, and the holder of a permit under Immigration Law Section 23(1)(33). Immigration Law Section 9(1)(2) is the statutory hook. That annotation permits the holder's own commercial activity and not employment by another. | Not established from a qualifying source | Not recorded | Yes as of 2026-05-20[148] Immigration Law Section 23(4): in the cases named in Section 23(1) the foreigner's spouse, the minor children (including children under guardianship) of the foreigner or of the spouse, and persons under trusteeship, are likewise entitled to request a temporary residence permit for the term of the permit issued to the foreigner. A child who was a minor when the permit was requested falls under Section 29 on reaching majority. | application: EUR 160 as of 2026-03-18[153] Review of documents submitted for requesting a temporary residence permit, within 30 days. Source: Cabinet Regulation No. 731, as published by OCMA. | Not established from a qualifying source | Not recorded | Not recorded |
| Latvia Temporary residence permit for a registered board or council member, procurist or other authorised representative of a company | Active as of 2026-05-20[148][148] | residence permit as of 2026-05-20[148] Section 23 issues a termiņuzturēšanās atļauja – a temporary residence permit; OCMA issues it as a foreigner's eID card. | up to 5 years as of 2026-05-20[148] | Not established from a qualifying source | self-employment only as of 2025-01-01[148][149] Cabinet Regulation No. 55 sub-paragraph 2.4 lists the capacities whose residence permit carries the annotation “Komercdarbība” / “BUSINESS”: an individual merchant, a board or council member, a procurator, an administrator, a liquidator, a partnership member entitled to represent the partnership, a person authorised to represent a merchant in branch activities, a natural person registered as a performer of economic activity, and the holder of a permit under Immigration Law Section 23(1)(33). Immigration Law Section 9(1)(2) is the statutory hook. That annotation permits the holder's own commercial activity and not employment by another. | Not established from a qualifying source | Not recorded | Yes as of 2026-05-20[148] Immigration Law Section 23(4): in the cases named in Section 23(1) the foreigner's spouse, the minor children (including children under guardianship) of the foreigner or of the spouse, and persons under trusteeship, are likewise entitled to request a temporary residence permit for the term of the permit issued to the foreigner. A child who was a minor when the permit was requested falls under Section 29 on reaching majority. | application: EUR 160 as of 2026-03-18[153] Review of documents submitted for requesting a temporary residence permit, within 30 days. Source: Cabinet Regulation No. 731, as published by OCMA. | EUR 2,800 as of 2026-05-20[148] Section 23(1)(3) final sentence: in respect of an officer of a limited liability company registered in the commercial register, the ground applies if the company's share capital is not less than EUR 2 800. The condition is on the company's capital rather than on the applicant's own investment, and it binds only the limited-liability-company limb of the clause – it does not apply to partnerships or to branch representatives under the same clause. | Not recorded | Not recorded |
| Latvia Temporary residence permit for start-up activity | Active as of 2026-05-20[148][148] | residence permit as of 2026-05-20[148] Section 23 issues a termiņuzturēšanās atļauja – a temporary residence permit; OCMA issues it as a foreigner's eID card. | up to 3 years as of 2026-05-20[148] Section 23(1)(33) grants the permit 'for a period not exceeding three years' – the only Section 23(1) ground in this record with a ceiling other than five years. | Not established from a qualifying source | self-employment only as of 2025-01-01[148][149] Cabinet Regulation No. 55 sub-paragraph 2.4 lists the capacities whose residence permit carries the annotation “Komercdarbība” / “BUSINESS”: an individual merchant, a board or council member, a procurator, an administrator, a liquidator, a partnership member entitled to represent the partnership, a person authorised to represent a merchant in branch activities, a natural person registered as a performer of economic activity, and the holder of a permit under Immigration Law Section 23(1)(33). Immigration Law Section 9(1)(2) is the statutory hook. That annotation permits the holder's own commercial activity and not employment by another. | Not established from a qualifying source | Not recorded | Yes as of 2026-05-20[148] Immigration Law Section 23(4): in the cases named in Section 23(1) the foreigner's spouse, the minor children (including children under guardianship) of the foreigner or of the spouse, and persons under trusteeship, are likewise entitled to request a temporary residence permit for the term of the permit issued to the foreigner. A child who was a minor when the permit was requested falls under Section 29 on reaching majority. | application: EUR 160 as of 2026-03-18[153] Review of documents submitted for requesting a temporary residence permit, within 30 days. Source: Cabinet Regulation No. 731, as published by OCMA. | Not recorded | Not established from a qualifying source | Not recorded |
| Lithuania Temporary residence permit for an alien engaged in lawful activity – participant in a Lithuanian company | Active as of 2026-07-01[144] | residence permit as of 2026-07-01[144] Art. 45 issues a leidimas laikinai gyventi – a temporary residence permit. | up to 2 years as of 2026-07-01[144] | Yes as of 2026-07-01[144] Art. 45(2) speaks of the permit being 'issued and changed' (išduodamas ir keičiamas) for 2 years, which is the Lithuanian formula for a renewable permit. | Not established from a qualifying source | Not established from a qualifying source Not sourced as a property of this ground. The permanent-residence track is recorded at country level: art. 53(1)(8) opens it on five years' continuous lawful residence without naming qualifying grounds. |
| Not established from a qualifying source | application: EUR 160 as of 2024-07-11[143] State fee for accepting and examining an application to issue or change a temporary residence permit, taking the decision and issuing the permit, standard procedure. The expedited procedure is EUR 320. | EUR 28,000 as of 2026-07-01[144] | No as of 2026-07-01[144] No third-party endorsement is required for this clause. Art. 45(5) instead requires the Migration Department to assess, in the manner laid down by the Minister of the Interior, whether there is serious ground to believe the company is fictitious. The start-up ground at art. 45(1) of art. 45-1 is the clause that does require an endorsement. | Not established from a qualifying source Art. 45(1)(1) states no number of jobs. It states a payroll test instead – full-time employees who are Lithuanian, EU or EFTA citizens or permanent residents, paid together at least 2 BDU a month. The clauses that do state job counts are art. 45(1)(2-1) – five jobs – and art. 45(1)(2-2) – ten jobs. |
| Lithuania Temporary residence permit for an alien intending to establish a start-up in Lithuania and carry on its activity | Active as of 2026-07-01[144] | residence permit as of 2026-07-01[144] | 2 years as of 2026-07-01[144] Art. 45-1(4): the permit is issued for 2 years. | Yes as of 2026-07-01[144] Art. 45-1(4): the permit may be changed for 3 years once the authorised institution confirms that the alien meets the art. 45-1(1) requirements. | Not established from a qualifying source | Not established from a qualifying source Not sourced as a property of this ground; the country-level track applies. |
| Not established from a qualifying source | application: EUR 160 as of 2024-07-11[143] Standard procedure; EUR 320 expedited. | Not established from a qualifying source | Yes as of 2026-07-01[144] Art. 45-1(1): written confirmation from an institution authorised by the Minister of the Economy and Innovation is a condition of issue. | Not established from a qualifying source No job-creation condition is stated in art. 45-1. |
| Lithuania Temporary residence permit for an alien who is the manager of a company meeting the clause 1 requirements | Active as of 2026-07-01[144] | residence permit as of 2026-07-01[144] | up to 2 years as of 2026-07-01[144] Art. 45(2): 2 years, or the period of the activity if shorter. Clause 2 is not among the clauses art. 45(3) gives 3 years. | Yes as of 2026-07-01[144] Art. 45(2): issued and changed for the same term. | own activity only as of 2026-07-01[144] | Not established from a qualifying source Not sourced as a property of this ground; the country-level track applies. |
| Not established from a qualifying source | application: EUR 160 as of 2024-07-11[143] Standard procedure; EUR 320 expedited. | EUR 28,000 as of 2026-07-01[144] Clause 2 requires the company to meet the requirements set out in clause 1, so the same company tests apply: own capital of at least EUR 28 000 including at least EUR 14 000 invested by an alien, at least 6 months of activity under a business plan, and a full-time payroll of Lithuanian, EU or EFTA citizens or permanent residents totalling at least 2 BDU a month. The clause 1 own-investment component is a test on the participant, and clause 2 applies to the manager, who need not be that participant – the statute does not require the manager personally to have invested. | No as of 2026-07-01[144] No endorsement; the art. 45(5) fictitious-company assessment applies. | Not recorded |
| Luxembourg Residence permit for self-employed workers | Active as of 2026-06-12[145][146] | residence permit as of 2026-06-12[146] Art. 52(1) issues a 'titre de séjour' under art. 40. | up to 3 years as of 2026-06-12[145][146] Art. 52(1): the permit is 'valable pour une durée maximale de trois ans'. Guichet says the same in English — 'valid for 3 years at the most as from the date of declaration of arrival in the commune'. Both sources frame three years as a ceiling, so bound 'maximum' is set. Exception stated by guichet: on a first application by a third-country national who held long-term resident status in another EU member state, the permit is issued with a five-year validity. | Yes as of 2026-06-12[145][146] Art. 52(2): renewable on request 'pour une durée maximale de trois ans, tant que les conditions visées à l'article 51, paragraphe (1), à l'exception du point 3, sont remplies' — the country-interest test of art. 51(1)3° is expressly dropped at renewal. | self-employment only as of 2026-06-12[146] | Yes as of 2026-06-12[145][146] Guichet's self-employed page carries the same five-year long-term-residence pointer as the other third-country routes, and art. 80(1)'s five-year qualifying period does not exclude self-employed permit holders. |
| Not established from a qualifying source as of 2023-09-01[145] | application: EUR 80 as of 2023-09-01[145] | Not applicable as of 2026-06-12[146] Art. 51(1) states the conditions exhaustively — professional qualifications and access-to-trade conditions, adequate resources for the intended activity, a country-interest test, and a physical-presence-for-management test — and sets no minimum capital. Recorded not_applicable rather than unknown: the question was asked of the operative provision and the answer is that no such threshold exists. | Yes as of 2026-06-12[146] Art. 51(3): the commission created by art. 151 verifies whether the art. 51(1) conditions are met, except for activities holding an authorisation from the Commission de surveillance du secteur financier, which are treated as satisfying them. That is a standing vetting body sitting between the applicant and the decision, which is what this field records; it is not an accelerator or startup-committee endorsement. | Not recorded |
| Malta Employment licence (self-employed third-country national) | Active as of 2026-08-07[154][157] | Not recorded | Not recorded | Not recorded | self-employment only as of 2026-08-07[154][157] The licence authorises the named self-employed activity. Jobsplus notes that a holder of primary employment may separately apply for a secondary employment licence, and that third-country nationals may work part-time only if they hold a valid single residence/work permit or an employment licence. | Not established from a qualifying source Not addressed by either source. S.L. 217.05 reg. 3(2) does not exclude self-employed residence from the five-year long-term-residence count, but no source states positively that it counts. |
| Not established from a qualifying source | Not recorded | EUR 500,000 as of 2021-01-19[154][157] | Yes as of 2021-01-19[154] | 3 as of 2021-01-19[154] Only on the second limb: a commitment to recruit at least three EEA, Swiss or Maltese nationals within eighteen months of establishment. Jobsplus adds that on any limb a firm commitment to engage EEA, Swiss or Maltese nationals as part of the staff complement will assist in the favourable consideration of an application. |
| Malta Malta Startup Residence Programme | Active as of 2025-08-27[156][158][159] | residence permit as of 2025-08-27[158][159] A three-year residence permit, extendable by a further five years for founders and co-founders. Residence cards are issued by Identita. Third-country nationals who need a Schengen visa may apply for one after the Letter of Approval in Principle. | 3 years as of 2025-08-27[158][159] Founders and co-founders, their family members, and core employees all receive an initial three-year permit. | Yes as of 2025-08-27[158][159] Renewed once Malta Enterprise and Residency Malta confirm that the startup is still ongoing and the founder or co-founder still meets the programme's eligibility criteria. | authorisation required as of 2025-08-27[158] Founders and co-founders residing in Malta must be registered as employees of the Maltese startup before residence cards are collected, and must hold a Jobsplus employment licence (EUR 690 for the first three years, EUR 1,150 for the following five). The permit does not confer general labour-market access: family members' permits expressly do not grant automatic access to the labour market, although they may apply separately to take up employment. | Not established from a qualifying source Neither the eligibility document nor the programme portal states whether time on this permit counts towards EU long-term resident status under S.L. 217.05. |
| Yes as of 2025-08-27[158] | application: EUR 750 as of 2025-08-27[158] Schedule of Fees: application fee per adult applicant or dependant, covering three years. | EUR 25,000 as of 2025-08-27[158] The incorporated startup in Malta must place a tangible investment and/or paid-up share capital of not less than EUR 25,000. Where more than four co-founders apply, an additional EUR 10,000 is required per additional co-founder; the maximum number of co-founders eligible for the programme is six. The requirement sits on the company, not on the individual applicant. | Yes as of 2025-08-27[158] The company's business plan must be approved by Malta Enterprise, and the company must be in line with the requirements of the National FDI Screening Office. Founders and co-founders must collaborate with Malta Enterprise for the validity of the permit, including annual or bi-annual monitoring reports. | Not established from a qualifying source No minimum number of jobs is stated for founders and co-founders. Employment in the Malta-based company is a required section of the business plan. |
| Netherlands Residence permit self-employed person | Active as of 2026-04-09[165][167] | residence permit as of 2026-04-09[165] IND records it as a type I temporary regular residence permit. | up to 2 years as of 2026-04-09[165] | Yes as of 2026-04-09[165] | self-employment only as of 2026-04-09[165] The document is endorsed 'arbeid als zelfstandige toegestaan, arbeid in loondienst alleen toegestaan met tewerkstellingsvergunning (TWV)': self-employment free, dependent employment only where the employer holds a work permit. After 5 years of work in the Netherlands the holder can obtain the 'arbeid vrij toegestaan' endorsement. The vocabulary has no value for 'self-employment free, employment conditional on employer authorisation'. | Yes as of 2026-05-20[163][165] The IND route page points holders with 5 years of permit history to the permanent residence permit. |
| Yes as of 2026-04-09[165] | application: EUR 423 as of 2026-06-12[161] First application or change in purpose of stay. | Not applicable[165][167] No statutory minimum capital. Capital employed is one input to the RVO points assessment rather than a threshold. | No as of 2026-04-09[165][167] No applicant-side sponsor or committee endorsement. The IND itself obtains advice from the Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO) on behalf of the Minister of Economic Affairs; art. 3.30(2) requires the essential-Dutch-interest test to run on a ministerially fixed points system or another suitable method fixed by the same regulation. | Not established from a qualifying source[165] |
| Netherlands Residence permit self-employed person under the Dutch-American Friendship Treaty (DAFT) or the Dutch-Japanese Trade Treaty | Active as of 2026-07-10[165][169] | residence permit as of 2026-04-09[165] | up to 2 years as of 2026-04-09[165] Maximum validity stated for the self-employed permit as a whole, which is the permit issued on this basis. | Yes as of 2026-04-09[165] On extension the IND requires the annual accounts and a balance sheet or income statement, to check that the company has been active and that the invested capital stayed in the business. | self-employment only as of 2026-04-09[165] Same endorsement as the general self-employed permit: self-employment free, dependent employment only with an employer-held work permit (TWV). | Yes as of 2026-05-20[163][165] Same permit type as the self-employed permit, whose page points holders with 5 years of permit history to the permanent residence permit. |
| Yes as of 2026-04-09[165] | application: EUR 423 as of 2026-06-12[161] | EUR 4,500 as of 2026-07-10[165][169] Vreemdelingencirculaire 2000 (B): for a sole proprietorship (eenmanszaak) the IND assesses the capital needed to run the business case by case but applies a minimum of EUR 4,500; for a general partnership (vof) a share of at least 25% of the firm capital with the same floor. The IND's English page states that for most business forms it requires a minimum investment of EUR 4,500. | No as of 2026-04-09[165] No facilitator, sponsor or committee endorsement appears among the treaty conditions. | Not applicable[165] No job-creation condition is stated among the treaty conditions. |
| Netherlands Start-up | Active as of 2026-06-08[166][167] | residence permit as of 2026-06-08[166] IND records it as a type I temporary regular residence permit. | up to 1 year as of 2026-06-08[166] Stated as a maximum term of validity of 1 year. | No as of 2026-06-08[166] The IND states it is not possible to extend the start-up permit. After one year the holder may apply to change purpose to the self-employed permit, which requires a facilitator declaration evidencing a completed mentoring process of at least 3 months. | self-employment only as of 2026-06-08[166] The document is endorsed 'arbeid in loondienst alleen toegestaan met TWV': dependent employment only where the employer holds a work permit. Self-employed activity in the start-up is the permit's own purpose. | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Not established from a qualifying source | application: EUR 423 as of 2026-06-12[161] | Not applicable[166][167] No capital threshold. The condition is a means test on the applicant plus an innovative business and a facilitator agreement. | Yes as of 2026-06-08[166] Cooperation with a reliable mentor (facilitator) recorded in a signed contract is a condition; the RVO maintains the list of facilitators and assesses the start-up. A facilitator may not hold a majority interest in the start-up, may not be a relative up to and including the third degree, must be financially healthy and must have a deputy in the organisation. | Not applicable[166] No job-creation condition is stated among the start-up conditions. |
| Poland Temporary residence permit for the purpose of conducting business activity | Active as of 2026-08-23[170][173] | residence permit as of 2026-04-07[170] | up to 3 years as of 2026-04-07[170] Art. 98 ust. 2: a temporary residence permit is granted for the period necessary to achieve the purpose of the stay, and for no longer than 3 years. The Act sets no floor, so the term actually granted is at the wojewoda's assessment of the purpose. | Yes as of 2026-04-07[170] Polish law does not extend an existing temporary residence permit; a foreigner who wants to stay on files a fresh application for a further permit under art. 105 ust. 1, no later than the last day of legal stay. Recorded true because a further permit is available on the same terms, with this mechanism noted rather than presented as renewal. | own activity only as of 2026-04-07[170] | Yes as of 2026-04-07[170] Art. 211 ust. 1 counts legal and uninterrupted residence towards the 5-year EU long-term resident qualification, and art. 212 ust. 2's list of stays that do not count, and ust. 1 pkt 3-4's list of stays counted at half, do not name the business-activity permit. |
| Yes as of 2026-04-07[170] Art. 159 ust. 1 pkt 1 lit. e: a family member may be granted a temporary residence permit for family reunification where the sponsor has resided in Poland for at least 2 years on successive temporary residence permits and holds, immediately before the application, a permit granted for a period of not less than 1 year. A business-activity permit holder qualifies once those conditions are met. | application: PLN 340 one-off as of 2026-08-23[173][174] Oplata skarbowa (stamp duty), Part III item 2 of the annex to the Act of 16 November 2006 on stamp duty: PLN 340 for a temporary residence permit, excluding permits under arts. 181 ust. 1 and 185a of the Act on Foreigners. Corroborated by the Office for Foreigners' own page for this permit. Payable on filing. | Recorded at the source, but not reducible to a single value as of 2026-04-07[170][172] | No as of 2026-04-07[170] No accelerator, incubator, evaluation committee or ministerial endorsement appears anywhere in art. 142; the wojewoda decides. Sourced absence on a closed enumeration. | Recorded at the source, but not reducible to a single value as of 2026-04-07[170] |
| Portugal Residence Permit for Immigrant Entrepreneurs (“StartUP Visa”) | Active as of 2026-08-06[178][180] | residence permit as of 2026-08-06[178][180] | 2 years as of 2026-08-06[178][180] AIMA: valid for two years from the date the title is issued; REPSAE art. 75.º/1 states the same general rule. | Yes as of 2026-08-06[178][180] Renewable for successive three-year periods. | full as of 2025-10-22[180] | Yes as of 2025-10-22[177][180] REPSAE art. 80.º/1/a), no exclusion for this route. | Not recorded | Yes as of 2025-10-22[180] | application: Not established from a qualifying source | Not established from a qualifying source | Yes as of 2025-10-22[178][180] REPSAE art. 89.º/4 conditions the permit on the entrepreneurial project being integrated in an incubator certified under a portaria of the members of Government responsible for migration, home affairs and the economy; AIMA identifies that instrument as Portaria n.º 344/2017 with Despacho Normativo n.º 4/2018. | Not recorded |
| Portugal Residence Permit for the Exercise of Independent Professional Activity | Active as of 2026-08-06[176][180] | residence permit as of 2026-08-06[176][180] | 2 years as of 2026-08-06[176][180] AIMA: the temporary residence permit for professional activity is valid for two years from the date the title is issued; REPSAE art. 75.º/1 states the same general rule. | Yes as of 2026-08-06[176][180] Renewable for successive three-year periods (AIMA; REPSAE art. 75.º/1). | full as of 2025-10-22[176][180] REPSAE art. 89.º/3: the holder of a permit for independent professional activity may carry on employed professional activity, on substitution of the residence title; AIMA describes the same procedure. REPSAE art. 83.º/1/b) and c) give residence-permit holders both employed and self-employed rights. | Yes as of 2025-10-22[177][180] REPSAE art. 80.º/1/a) makes permanent residence available to holders of a temporary residence permit of at least five years, without excluding this route. | Not recorded | Yes as of 2025-10-22[180] | application: Not established from a qualifying source | Not recorded | No as of 2025-10-22[176][180] No accelerator, incubator or committee endorsement appears in REPSAE art. 89.º/1 or in AIMA's checklist; where the profession is regulated, a declaration from the relevant professional order that the registration requirements are met is required instead. | Not recorded |
| Romania Long-stay visa for commercial activities (symbol D/AC) — associate/partner | Active as of 2026-08-25[182][183] Both the visa catalogue and IGI's own permit page describe the route in the present tense and set out its current documentary requirements. | residence permit as of 2026-08-25[182][183] | up to 1 year as of 2026-08-25[183][187] IGI's permit page states the temporary residence right for commercial activities is extended successively for periods of 1 year, and where the foreigner proves investments of at least 500,000 euro or the creation of more than 50 full-time jobs it is extended for 3 years. The bound is recorded as a maximum because the general rule at article 50, as IGI states it, is that temporary residence may be extended successively for periods of up to one year. The two formulations – 'de 1 an' on the route page and 'de pana la un an' in the general notice – are the same authority describing the same rule at different levels of generality and are not treated as a conflict. | Yes as of 2026-08-25[183][186] The whole instrument is built around successive extensions: IGI publishes one document list for the first extension and a different one for subsequent extensions, and the permit is renewed at least 30 days before the previous one expires. | Not established from a qualifying source | Yes as of 2026-08-25[190] IGI states that the long-term residence right may be obtained both as a family member of a Romanian citizen and for the other purposes of stay provided by law, and names commercial activities among its examples. The route is not on the page's list of categories to which long-term residence is not granted. |
| Yes as of 2026-08-25[182] | application: EUR 300 one-off as of 2026-08-25[183] IGI: the visa fee is 300 euro and is paid in the state where the application is made. This is the D/AC fee specifically; IGI's English page for the other-purposes D/AS visa states a fee of 120 euro, so the figure is purpose-specific and must not be generalised. | EUR 50,000 one-off as of 2026-08-25[186][187] 50000 euro of contributed capital or transferred technology for an associate – the partner or member of a limited-liability company. Read the timing with the figure: it is NOT a condition of the first extension. IGI's condition lists put it among the conditions for subsequent extensions of the residence right, and the amount is computed according to the holder's participation quota in the company, so a minority holder must look to a proportionally larger company investment. The corresponding figure for acţionar is 70000 euro. | Yes as of 2026-08-25[183][186][187] An opinion from a central investment authority is a condition of the extension in terms, not merely a document. Which authority is a live contradiction between two IGI pages published two months apart and it is recorded here rather than resolved: the May 2024 notice names the Departamentul pentru Investitii Straine within the Ministry of the Economy, Entrepreneurship and Tourism, while the July 2024 notice and the permit page both name the Agentia Romana pentru Investitii si Comert Exterior. one publisher contradicting itself is a source contradiction and a reader-misleading item, not a disputed value; the later and more frequently repeated naming is the agency, and a reader should expect to be sent to it. | 10 as of 2026-08-25[186][187] At least 10 jobs for an associate, filled by persons employed full time in accordance with the law, proved by a certificate from the territorial labour inspectorate. Like the capital figure this bites at subsequent extensions rather than at the first, and it is computed according to the holder's participation quota. The corresponding figure for acţionar is 15. |
| Romania Long-stay visa for commercial activities (symbol D/AC) — shareholder | Active as of 2026-08-25[182][183] Both the visa catalogue and IGI's own permit page describe the route in the present tense and set out its current documentary requirements. | residence permit as of 2026-08-25[182][183] | up to 1 year as of 2026-08-25[183][187] IGI's permit page states the temporary residence right for commercial activities is extended successively for periods of 1 year, and where the foreigner proves investments of at least 500,000 euro or the creation of more than 50 full-time jobs it is extended for 3 years. The bound is recorded as a maximum because the general rule at article 50, as IGI states it, is that temporary residence may be extended successively for periods of up to one year. The two formulations – 'de 1 an' on the route page and 'de pana la un an' in the general notice – are the same authority describing the same rule at different levels of generality and are not treated as a conflict. | Yes as of 2026-08-25[183][186] The whole instrument is built around successive extensions: IGI publishes one document list for the first extension and a different one for subsequent extensions, and the permit is renewed at least 30 days before the previous one expires. | Not established from a qualifying source | Yes as of 2026-08-25[190] IGI states that the long-term residence right may be obtained both as a family member of a Romanian citizen and for the other purposes of stay provided by law, and names commercial activities among its examples. The route is not on the page's list of categories to which long-term residence is not granted. |
| Yes as of 2026-08-25[182] | application: EUR 300 one-off as of 2026-08-25[183] IGI: the visa fee is 300 euro and is paid in the state where the application is made. This is the D/AC fee specifically; IGI's English page for the other-purposes D/AS visa states a fee of 120 euro, so the figure is purpose-specific and must not be generalised. | EUR 70,000 one-off as of 2026-08-25[186][187] 70000 euro of contributed capital or transferred technology for a shareholder – the holder of shares in a joint-stock company. Read the timing with the figure: it is NOT a condition of the first extension. IGI's condition lists put it among the conditions for subsequent extensions of the residence right, and the amount is computed according to the holder's participation quota in the company, so a minority holder must look to a proportionally larger company investment. The corresponding figure for asociat is 50000 euro. | Yes as of 2026-08-25[183][186][187] An opinion from a central investment authority is a condition of the extension in terms, not merely a document. Which authority is a live contradiction between two IGI pages published two months apart and it is recorded here rather than resolved: the May 2024 notice names the Departamentul pentru Investitii Straine within the Ministry of the Economy, Entrepreneurship and Tourism, while the July 2024 notice and the permit page both name the Agentia Romana pentru Investitii si Comert Exterior. one publisher contradicting itself is a source contradiction and a reader-misleading item, not a disputed value; the later and more frequently repeated naming is the agency, and a reader should expect to be sent to it. | 15 as of 2026-08-25[186][187] At least 15 jobs for a shareholder, filled by persons employed full time in accordance with the law, proved by a certificate from the territorial labour inspectorate. Like the capital figure this bites at subsequent extensions rather than at the first, and it is computed according to the holder's participation quota. The corresponding figure for asociat is 10. |
| Romania Long-stay visa for economic activities (symbol D/AE) | Active as of 2026-08-25[182] The visa appears in the Ministry's current catalogue of long-stay visa types, described in the present tense. | national visa as of 2026-08-25[182] | 90 days as of 2026-08-25[182] | Yes as of 2026-08-25[182] eViza states that the residence right conferred by a type D visa may be extended by applying for a residence permit from IGI, with the application filed in person at least 30 days before the approved stay expires. | Not established from a qualifying source Not established. | Not established from a qualifying source Not established. | Not recorded | Not established from a qualifying source Not established for this purpose. The general family-reunification rule turns on the sponsor holding a temporary residence permit valid for one year, and the length of this route's permit is unknown, so the antecedent cannot be checked. | Not recorded | Not established from a qualifying source | Not established from a qualifying source Not established. | Not established from a qualifying source Not established. |
| Romania Long-stay visa for the exercise of professional activities (symbol D/AP) | Active as of 2026-08-25[182] The visa appears in the Ministry's current catalogue of long-stay visa types, described in the present tense. | national visa as of 2026-08-25[182] | 90 days as of 2026-08-25[182] | Yes as of 2026-08-25[182] eViza states that the residence right conferred by a type D visa may be extended by applying for a residence permit from IGI, with the application filed in person at least 30 days before the approved stay expires. | Not established from a qualifying source Not established. | Not established from a qualifying source Not established. | Not recorded | Not established from a qualifying source Not established for this purpose. The general family-reunification rule turns on the sponsor holding a temporary residence permit valid for one year, and the length of this route's permit is unknown, so the antecedent cannot be checked. | Not recorded | Not established from a qualifying source | Not established from a qualifying source Not established. | Not established from a qualifying source Not established. |
| Romania Temporary residence right for foreigners appointed as administrators of a company | Active as of 2026-08-25[182][188] Both the 2024 IGI notice and the current visa catalogue describe the route in the present tense with its cumulative conditions. | residence permit as of 2026-08-25[182][188] Two-stage like the commercial-activities routes: a D/AS long-stay visa granted for 90 days by a Romanian mission, then a residence permit from IGI. | up to 1 year as of 2026-08-25[185][189] The general rule of article 50 as IGI states it: temporary residence may be extended successively for periods of up to one year. IGI's English page for the other-purposes category says the same of that category – successive periods of up to one year – and records the two exceptions inside it that do not apply here: four-year periods for stateless persons of Romanian origin repatriated under international agreements, and a non-extendable maximum of one year for unpaid professional training. | Yes as of 2026-08-25[185][188] IGI's notice distinguishes the conditions at the first grant from what must be proved at subsequent extensions, so extension is contemplated in terms. | Not established from a qualifying source | Not established from a qualifying source Not established. IGI's long-term residence page names commercial activities among the qualifying purposes by way of example and does not enumerate the purposes, and this route is a different purpose – alte scopuri – from that one. It is not on the page's list of excluded categories either, so nothing is asserted in either direction. |
| Yes as of 2026-08-25[182] | application: EUR 300 one-off as of 2026-08-25[181] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs fee page states the long-stay visa fee (symbol D) is 300 euro, and states in terms that this figure applies to applications sent for validation to Romanian missions through the e-Viza portal from 27 April 2026, applications sent before that date being charged 120 euro. It is a single fee for every long-stay visa symbol, not a per-purpose one. Ukrainian citizens are exempt from the long-stay visa fee under a bilateral agreement in force since 21 October 2016, and so are family members of Romanian, EU, EEA and Swiss citizens who accompany or join them. | EUR 50,000 one-off as of 2026-08-25[182][188] The company concerned must have made a contribution of capital or a transfer of technology of at least 50,000 euro. Note whose money it is: the condition is on the COMPANY, not on the applicant, and unlike the commercial-activities routes it is not divided by any participation quota – the applicant must in fact not be an associate or shareholder at all. eViza states the same figure in its own cumulative list for the D/AS visa, so this is two Tier-1 statements rather than one. | Not established from a qualifying source Not established. See the business_plan_required note – no opinion of an investment authority is named for this purpose. | Not applicable as of 2026-08-25[182][188] |
| Slovakia Temporary residence for the purpose of business | Active as of 2026-08-24[207][209] | residence permit as of 2026-08-24[207] | up to 3 years as of 2026-08-24[207][209] § 22 ods. 2: granted for the expected duration of the business activity and for no longer than three years. The Act sets no floor, so the term actually granted is the police unit's assessment of the purpose. The Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs also records that there is no legal entitlement to a grant of temporary residence. | Yes as of 2026-08-24[206][207] Renewal (obnovenie prechodného pobytu) is a distinct procedure with its own document set. The Ministry of Economy is asked for an opinion on renewal applications as well as first grants, and on renewal it looks at whether the applicant is trading in reality rather than only on paper, at tax compliance and at the number of employees. | own activity only as of 2026-08-24[205][207] § 20 ods. 2: temporary residence is tied to a single purpose, and a third-country national who wants to carry on a different activity must file a fresh application. The permit therefore authorises the business activity it was granted for and nothing else. A holder may study during the stay (§ 20 ods. 3). | Not established from a qualifying source Not established. Whether time on this permit counts towards EU long-term residence under § 52 could not be sourced, for the same reason permanent_residency.eligibility_years is unknown. Five-year permanent residence under § 43 is not a duration route and this permit is not a way into it. | Not established from a qualifying source | application: Not established from a qualifying source | 20 × subsistence minimum for one adult natural person one-off as of 2026-08-24[208][209] | No as of 2026-08-24[206] No endorsement the applicant procures. The police unit itself asks the Ministry of Economy for an opinion on the economic contribution of the planned business, and that opinion is a sub-opinion of recommendatory character within the police unit's own administrative proceedings. The Act imposes no deadline on the Ministry for issuing it. Companies holding a certificate of significant investment are the exception and send their applications to the Ministry directly. | Not applicable[206][209] No job-creation condition is attached to the grant. Expected job creation appears only as one of the things the Ministry of Economy weighs in its advisory opinion, and on renewal it looks at the number of employees – an assessment input, not a threshold. | |
| Slovakia Temporary residence for the purpose of business | Active as of 2026-08-24[207][209] | residence permit as of 2026-08-24[207] | up to 3 years as of 2026-08-24[207][209] § 22 ods. 2: granted for the expected duration of the business activity and for no longer than three years. The Act sets no floor, so the term actually granted is the police unit's assessment of the purpose. The Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs also records that there is no legal entitlement to a grant of temporary residence. | Yes as of 2026-08-24[206][207] Renewal (obnovenie prechodného pobytu) is a distinct procedure with its own document set. The Ministry of Economy is asked for an opinion on renewal applications as well as first grants, and on renewal it looks at whether the applicant is trading in reality rather than only on paper, at tax compliance and at the number of employees. | own activity only as of 2026-08-24[205][207] § 20 ods. 2: temporary residence is tied to a single purpose, and a third-country national who wants to carry on a different activity must file a fresh application. The permit therefore authorises the business activity it was granted for and nothing else. A holder may study during the stay (§ 20 ods. 3). | Not established from a qualifying source Not established. Whether time on this permit counts towards EU long-term residence under § 52 could not be sourced, for the same reason permanent_residency.eligibility_years is unknown. Five-year permanent residence under § 43 is not a duration route and this permit is not a way into it. | Not established from a qualifying source | application: Not established from a qualifying source | 100 × subsistence minimum for one adult natural person one-off as of 2026-08-24[208][209] | No as of 2026-08-24[206] No endorsement the applicant procures. The police unit itself asks the Ministry of Economy for an opinion on the economic contribution of the planned business, and that opinion is a sub-opinion of recommendatory character within the police unit's own administrative proceedings. The Act imposes no deadline on the Ministry for issuing it. Companies holding a certificate of significant investment are the exception and send their applications to the Ministry directly. | Not applicable[206][209] No job-creation condition is attached to the grant. Expected job creation appears only as one of the things the Ministry of Economy weighs in its advisory opinion, and on renewal it looks at the number of employees – an assessment input, not a threshold. | |
| Slovenia Single permit for work as a self-employed person | Active as of 2026-08-25[197][201] | residence permit as of 2026-08-25[201] Article 37(1) defines the single permit as a temporary residence and work permit; article 37.b creates the self-employment variant of it, and it is issued as a card (izkaznica). | up to 2 years as of 2026-08-25[197][201] Article 37.b(2) applies articles 37 and 37.a mutatis mutandis to the issue, extension and validity of this permit. Article 37(3) sets the first single permit for the term of the employment contract or the contract for work, but not more than two years, and the Employment Service states the same two-year ceiling. A self-employed person has no such contract, so what carries over to this route is the ceiling rather than the contract-linked term; recorded as a maximum for that reason, and no initial_duration_basis is set because the relational basis in article 37(3) does not apply to a self-employed applicant. | Yes as of 2026-08-25[197][201] Article 37(4), applied through article 37.b(2): the single permit may be extended if the foreigner or the employer applies in time under article 36(1) and the conditions continue to be met. | self-employment only as of 2026-08-25[201] Article 35(5): a foreigner holding a temporary residence permit issued for a specific purpose may reside in Slovenia only in accordance with that purpose, unless the Act provides otherwise. The purpose of this permit is work as a self-employed person, so it authorises self-employment and not dependent employment; taking up employment would require a further permit of a different purpose under article 36(3). | Yes as of 2026-08-25[201] Article 52(1): a permanent residence permit may be issued to a foreigner who has lawfully resided in Slovenia for five uninterrupted years on the basis of a temporary residence permit and meets the Act's other conditions, including basic Slovenian. This permit is such a temporary residence permit and article 52 excludes no purpose in the limb relied on here. |
| Yes as of 2026-08-25[201] Article 47(1): the right to family reunification is recognised for a foreigner residing on a permanent residence permit, and for a foreigner who has resided in Slovenia for the last year on a temporary residence permit issued with a validity of at least one year. Seasonal workers and daily cross-border migrants are excluded; this route is neither. | application: EUR 70 one-off as of 2026-08-25[199] | Not applicable as of 2026-08-25[201][204] No capital condition exists. The two provisions that between them state this route's own conditions – ZTuj-2 article 37.b and ZZSDT article 15 – impose a one-year prior-residence condition with one exemption and nothing else beyond the general conditions of article 33(3). SPOT's English page for non-EU founders states an own-funds requirement of EUR 10,000 and a business-premises requirement for a 'personal work permit for self-employment', but that page describes the regime of the Employment and Work of Aliens Act (ZZDT-1, Uradni list RS, št. 26/2011), which ZZSDT replaced in 2015, and it names permit types – personal work permit, work permit for a foreign representative, employment permit for a majority owner – that no longer exist. Those figures are therefore not recorded as current conditions. | No as of 2026-08-25[201][204] ZZSDT article 15(1) states that the consent of the Employment Service is not required for the issue or extension of a single permit for self-employment, and the Employment Service's own page repeats it. There is no committee, accelerator or ministry endorsement stage. | Not recorded |
| Spain Initial authorisation of temporary residence and self-employment | Active as of 2025-05-01[84][85] | residence permit as of 2025-05-01[84] | 1 year as of 2025-05-01[84][85] | Yes as of 2025-05-01[84] | self-employment only as of 2025-05-01[84][85] The authorisation is for residence and self-employed work in the specified sector and territory. | Yes as of 2025-05-01[86][87] Lawful continuous residence counts toward the five-year long-term residence qualifying period; no route-specific rule was found. | Not established from a qualifying source | application: Not established from a qualifying source Modelo 790 code 052, heading 2.1.3. The amount is not published on the information sheet. | Recorded at the source, but not reducible to a single value The condition is that 'the planned investment is sufficient' together with its impact on job creation, assessed case by case. There is no stated monetary threshold, so neither a money amount nor a relative amount describes the rule; recording a figure would invent one. | No as of 2025-05-01[85] | Not recorded | |
| Spain Residence authorisation for entrepreneurs | Active as of 2026-08-06[83][89] | residence permit as of 2026-08-06[89] A separate one-year national visa under art. 68 precedes or accompanies it for applicants coming from abroad; that visa stage is recorded under process.stages rather than as a separate route. | 3 years as of 2022-12-22[82] | Yes as of 2022-12-22[80][82][88] | Not established from a qualifying source | Yes as of 2025-05-01[86][87] Time on a lawful residence authorisation counts toward the five-year qualifying period for long-term residence. No route-specific acceleration or exclusion was found, so no pr_years_override is set. | Yes as of 2026-08-06[83][88] | application: Not established from a qualifying source A processing fee is a stated requirement (Ley 14/2013 art. 62.3) but no amount or modelo 790 code was published on the pages retrieved for this route. | Not applicable The UGE page states that no minimum investment level and no minimum job-creation level are specified for this route: the test is qualitative (innovative character and special economic interest for Spain), not a capital threshold. | Yes as of 2026-08-06[82][89] A favourable report is required; the UGE page names ENISA as the issuing body, and Ley 28/2022 assigned that assessment role. The 2018 consolidation of Ley 14/2013 still names the Economic and Commercial Office and the Directorate-General for International Trade and Investment, which is the pre-2022 position and is superseded – recorded here so the discrepancy is visible rather than silently resolved. | Not applicable No minimum number of jobs is required. Job creation is weighted in the assessment of the project but is not a threshold condition. | |
| Sweden Self-employed people | Active as of 2026-08-21[193][196] | residence permit as of 2026-08-21[196] 5 kap. 10 a grants a 'tidsbegransat uppehallstillstand' – a time-limited residence permit, not a national visa or a card. | up to 2 years as of 2026-08-21[193][196] Statute: 'far inte beviljas for langre tid an tva ar at gangen'. Migrationsverket: 'You can be granted a residence permit for a maximum of two years, but never for longer than your passport is valid.' A ceiling, not a fixed grant – hence bound 'maximum'. | Yes as of 2026-08-21[193][196] 'Your residence permit can be extended.' The statutory phrase 'at gangen' (at a time) presupposes renewal. | self-employment only as of 2026-08-21[193][196] The permit exists to run the holder's own business – 5 kap. 10 a 'for att bedriva naringsverksamhet' – and Migrationsverket requires the holder to run the business and own at least 51 per cent of it. Nothing on the route page grants a right to take employment; a person who finds a job applies for a work permit instead. | Yes as of 2026-08-21[191][196] Utlanningslag 5 kap. 5 andra stycket 1 (Lag 2026:1142, in force 12 July 2026): a permanent residence permit may be granted to a person who has held a time-limited business permit for at least two years, 'om verksamheten ar etablerad'. Migrationsverket states the same condition without the word established: 'You must have had, and met the conditions for, a residence permit as a self-employed person, and have run your own business in Sweden for at least two years', with a sustainability test on realistic business plans and stable finances. This survived the 12 July 2026 rewrite of 5 kap. 5 – see the reader-misleading item in notes/se.md about Migrationsverket's own 'as a general rule, permanent residence permits will no longer be granted'. |
| Yes as of 2025-01-27[193] | application: SEK 2,000 as of 2025-02-24[193][194] | Recorded at the source, but not reducible to a single value[193] A capital-sufficiency requirement exists but no figure is published and none is capable of being published: 'You need to have enough money to cover the expected costs and investments running the business will involved, and enough money to buy the business, if that is what you plan to do. It must be your own money; loans are not normally accepted.' The test is qualitative and assessed case by case against the applicant's own budget, so an amount field cannot hold it without inventing a number. Same shape as Finland's entrepreneur route – re-raises fi's authority-assessed means-test item. | No as of 2025-01-27[193] The page's requirement list is closed on its face – 'These requirements must be met in order for you to be granted a residence permit' – and contains no startup-committee, accelerator or third-party endorsement step. The financial assessment is made by Migrationsverket itself. | Not applicable[193] |
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Sources
- [1] Ausländerbeschäftigungsgesetz (AuslBG) § 24 — Selbständige Schlüsselkräfte und Start-up-GründerInnen
Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes (RIS), Bundeskanzleramt · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [2] Integrationsgesetz (IntG) § 7 — Integrationsvereinbarung: Modul 1 (A2) and Modul 2 (B1)
Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes (RIS), Bundeskanzleramt · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [3] Other forms of settlement — settlement permit gainful employment excepted, researchers, artists, special cases, long-term resident EU; general requirements and fees
migration.gv.at (Federal Ministry of the Interior and partner ministries) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [4] Permanent immigration — Red-White-Red Card groups and general requirements for issuing residence permits (incl. the equalisation supplement reference rate from 1 January 2026)
migration.gv.at — joint portal of the Federal Ministry of the Interior, the Federal Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection and the Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [5] Self-employed Key Workers — Red-White-Red Card: conditions, documents, procedure, fees
migration.gv.at (Federal Ministry of the Interior and partner ministries) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [6] Start-up Founders — Red-White-Red Card: conditions, points table, documents, procedure, fees
migration.gv.at (Federal Ministry of the Interior and partner ministries) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [7] Temporärer Aufenthalt — the Aufenthaltsbewilligung (temporary residence permission) catalogue: general conditions, 2026 equalisation supplement reference rates including the reduced rates for pupils and students, labour-market access for pupils and students
migration.gv.at — joint portal of the Federal Ministry of the Interior, the Federal Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection and the Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-12 · Archived copy - [8] NAG § 11 — Allgemeine Voraussetzungen für einen Aufenthaltstitel (incl. Abs. 5: subsistence measured against the § 293 ASVG reference rates)
Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes (RIS), Bundeskanzleramt · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [9] NAG § 13 — Niederlassungsverordnung (the annual quota ordinance and the exhaustive list of quota-bound residence titles)
Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes (RIS), Bundeskanzleramt · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [10] NAG § 20 — Gültigkeitsdauer von Aufenthaltstiteln (12-month default, three-year issue after Module 1, five-year long-term-resident document, EEA absence rule)
Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes (RIS), Bundeskanzleramt · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [11] NAG § 41 — Aufenthaltstitel „Rot-Weiß-Rot – Karte“ (version in force from 7 August 2026)
Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes (RIS), Bundeskanzleramt · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-08-07 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [12] NAG § 43 — „Niederlassungsbewilligung“
Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes (RIS), Bundeskanzleramt · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [13] NAG § 45 — Aufenthaltstitel „Daueraufenthalt – EU“
Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes (RIS), Bundeskanzleramt · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [14] Niederlassungs- und Aufenthaltsgesetz (NAG) § 8 — Arten und Form der Aufenthaltstitel (consolidated federal law, version in force on the access date)
Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes (RIS), Bundeskanzleramt · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-08-07 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [15] Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetz 1985 (StbG) § 10 — Verleihung (ten years' lawful residence, five of them settled; renunciation rule; constitutional discretionary limb in Abs. 6)
Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes (RIS), Bundeskanzleramt · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-12 - [16] Loi du 15 décembre 1980 sur l'accès au territoire, le séjour, l'établissement et l'éloignement des étrangers — consolidated text (Justel), updated to 24 June 2026
Service public fédéral Justice (Moniteur belge / Justel) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-24 · Accessed 2026-08-13 - [17] Professional card for non-European nationals (Brussels-Capital Region) — conditions, procedure, fees, validity
Brussels Economy and Employment (Brussels Regional Public Service) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13 - [18] Arrêté du Gouvernement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale du 16 mai 2024 portant exécution de l'ordonnance du 1er février 2024 relative à la migration économique
Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (Moniteur belge) · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2024-06-11 · Accessed 2026-08-13 - [19] Ordonnance du 1er février 2024 relative à la migration économique (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale)
Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (Moniteur belge) · gazette · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13 - [20] Loi du 19 février 1965 relative à l'exercice, par les étrangers, des activités professionnelles indépendantes — consolidated text (Wallex)
Service public de Wallonie (Wallex — Walloon consolidated-law service) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13 - [21] Arrêté royal du 2 août 1985 portant exécution de la loi du 19 février 1965 relative à l'exercice, par les étrangers, des activités professionnelles indépendantes — consolidated text (Wallex)
Service public de Wallonie (Wallex — Walloon consolidated-law service) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13 - [22] Besluit van de Vlaamse Regering van 17 december 2021 tot uitvoering van het decreet van 15 oktober 2021 over de uitoefening van zelfstandige beroepsactiviteiten door buitenlandse onderdanen
Vlaamse Overheid (Belgisch Staatsblad) · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2022-02-24 · Accessed 2026-08-13 - [23] Applying for your first professional card (Flemish Region) — documents, fees, decision period, validity
Government of Flanders — Department of Work, Economy, Science, Innovation and Social Economy (WEWIS) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13 - [24] Requirements for a professional card (Flemish Region)
Government of Flanders — Department of Work, Economy, Science, Innovation and Social Economy (WEWIS) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13 - [25] Professional card — legislation, forms and documents (list of governing instruments)
Government of Flanders — Department of Work, Economy, Science, Innovation and Social Economy (WEWIS) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13 - [26] Decreet van 15 oktober 2021 over de uitoefening van zelfstandige beroepsactiviteiten door buitenlandse onderdanen — consolidated text (Justel), updated to 28 July 2026
Vlaamse Overheid (Belgisch Staatsblad / Justel) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-07-28 · Accessed 2026-08-13 - [27] Professional cards for self-employed workers who are not Belgian nationals (Walloon Region)
Service public de Wallonie — Département de l'Emploi et de la Formation professionnelle · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13 - [28] Разрешаване на продължително пребиваване на чужденци — информация за предоставяне на услуга
Администрация на Министерския съвет — Административен регистър (ИИСДА) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [29] 1077 Разрешаване на постоянно пребиваване на чужденци — информация за предоставяне на услуга
Администрация на Министерския съвет — Административен регистър (ИИСДА) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [30] Закон за изменение и допълнение на Закона за чужденците в Република България
Държавен вестник (Народно събрание) · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2025-06-27 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [31] Закон за чужденците в Република България (консолидиран текст)
Министерство на иновациите и растежа (публикуван текст на закона) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2022-03-18 · Accessed 2026-08-25 · Amended by bg-dv-zid-zchrb-52-2025 - [32] Закон за трудовата миграция и трудовата мобилност (консолидиран текст, PDF)
Министерство на труда и социалната политика · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [33] Apply for a Cyprus Startup Visa
Deputy Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy (published on gov.cy) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-07 · Archived copy - [34] Immigration Permits
Migration Department, Deputy Ministry of Migration and International Protection · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2025-12-29 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [35] Άδειες Μετανάστευσης
Τμήμα Μετανάστευσης, Υφυπουργείο Μετανάστευσης και Διεθνούς Προστασίας · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [36] Startup Visa
Migration Department, Deputy Ministry of Migration and International Protection · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-01-28 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [37] Long-term Residence Permit for the Purpose of Doing Business
Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic – Information Portal for Foreigners · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-07-27 · Accessed 2026-08-22 · Archived copy - [38] Long-term Visa for the Purpose of Doing Business
Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic – Information Portal for Foreigners · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-07-28 · Accessed 2026-08-22 · Archived copy - [39] Fees – Third-country Nationals
Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic – Information Portal for Foreigners · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-22 - [40] Proof of Funds for the Stay (Finances)
Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic – Information Portal for Foreigners · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2026-05-28 · Accessed 2026-08-22 · Archived copy - [41] Entrepreneurship – long-term visa for the purpose of entrepreneurship
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-22 - [42] Narizeni vlady o maximalnim poctu zadosti – zamestnani a podnikani (Government Regulation No. 220/2019 Coll., as amended, with the per-mission tables)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-30 · Accessed 2026-08-22 · Archived copy - [43] Visa Fees
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-22 - [44] Zakon c. 326/1999 Sb., o pobytu cizincu na uzemi Ceske republiky a o zmene nekterych zakonu – consolidated text
Ministerstvo vnitra CR / e-Sbirka · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-12 · Accessed 2026-08-22 - [45] Aufenthaltsgesetz (AufenthG) § 21 – Selbständige Tätigkeit (consolidated)
Bundesministerium der Justiz / juris (gesetze-im-internet.de) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 · Archived copy - [46] Aufenthaltsgesetz (AufenthG) § 29 – Familiennachzug zu Ausländern (consolidated)
Bundesministerium der Justiz / juris (gesetze-im-internet.de) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [47] Aufenthaltsgesetz (AufenthG) § 30 – Ehegattennachzug (consolidated)
Bundesministerium der Justiz / juris (gesetze-im-internet.de) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [48] Aufenthaltsgesetz (AufenthG) § 32 – Kindernachzug (consolidated)
Bundesministerium der Justiz / juris (gesetze-im-internet.de) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [49] Aufenthaltsgesetz (AufenthG) § 4a – Zugang zur Erwerbstätigkeit (consolidated)
Bundesministerium der Justiz / juris (gesetze-im-internet.de) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [50] Aufenthaltsgesetz (AufenthG) § 51 – Beendigung der Rechtmäßigkeit des Aufenthalts (consolidated)
Bundesministerium der Justiz / juris (gesetze-im-internet.de) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [51] Aufenthaltsgesetz (AufenthG) § 9 – Niederlassungserlaubnis (consolidated)
Bundesministerium der Justiz / juris (gesetze-im-internet.de) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 · Archived copy - [52] Aufenthaltsverordnung (AufenthV) § 41 – Vergünstigung für bestimmte Staatsangehörige (consolidated)
Bundesministerium der Justiz / juris (gesetze-im-internet.de) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [53] Aufenthaltsverordnung (AufenthV) § 45 – Gebühren Aufenthaltserlaubnis (consolidated)
Bundesministerium der Justiz / juris (gesetze-im-internet.de) · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 · Archived copy - [54] Aufenthaltsverordnung (AufenthV) § 46 – Gebühren Visum (consolidated)
Bundesministerium der Justiz / juris (gesetze-im-internet.de) · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [55] Residence permit for the purpose of self-employment – Issuance
Land Berlin (Landesamt für Einwanderung, service.berlin.de) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 · Archived copy - [56] Aufenthaltserlaubnis für Gründungsstipendien
Industrie- und Handelskammer zu Berlin (public-law chamber) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [57] Visa for self-employment
Make it in Germany (Federal Government portal for skilled workers) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 · Archived copy - [58] Settlement permit
Make it in Germany (Federal Government portal for skilled workers) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [59] Fee – overview of fee rates
The Danish Immigration Service and SIRI · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Published 2026-01-01 · Accessed 2026-08-19 - [60] Financial self-support on specific SIRI schemes
Danish Agency for International Recruitment and Integration (SIRI) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2026-01-27 · Accessed 2026-08-19 - [61] Self-employment – extension (original permit issued before 1 January 2015)
Danish Agency for International Recruitment and Integration (SIRI) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-29 · Accessed 2026-08-19 - [62] Start-up Denmark (English page)
Danish Agency for International Recruitment and Integration (SIRI) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-29 · Accessed 2026-08-19 - [63] Start-up Denmark (Danish page)
Styrelsen for International Rekruttering og Integration (SIRI) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-29 · Accessed 2026-08-19 - [64] Bekendtgoerelse af udlaendingeloven (Aliens Act, consolidated), LBK nr 1021 af 19/09/2014 – superseded
Justitsministeriet / Retsinformation · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2014-09-19 · Accessed 2026-08-22 · Superseded by dk-udlaendingeloven - [65] Bekendtgoerelse af udlaendingeloven (Aliens Act, consolidated), LBK nr 1183 af 25/09/2025
Udlaendinge- og Integrationsministeriet / Retsinformation · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2025-09-25 · Accessed 2026-08-22 - [66] Apply for a permanent residence permit
The Danish Immigration Service · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-07-07 · Accessed 2026-08-19 - [67] Aliens Act (Välismaalaste seadus), consolidated text, official English translation
Riigi Teataja (State Gazette), Republic of Estonia · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-29 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [68] Working in Estonia (state portal article, text by the Police and Border Guard Board)
Riigiportaal eesti.ee / Police and Border Guard Board · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2025-04-15 · Accessed 2026-08-08 · Archived copy - [69] Tähtajalise elamisloa ja selle pikendamise ning pikaajalise elaniku elamisloa ja selle taastamise taotlemise kord ning legaalse sissetuleku määrad (Minister of the Interior Regulation), consolidated text
Siseminister (Minister of the Interior), published in Riigi Teataja (State Gazette), Republic of Estonia · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-05-19 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [72] Residence permit for business – For sole proprietors
Police and Border Guard Board (Politsei- ja Piirivalveamet) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [73] Residence permit for business – For start-up entrepreneurs
Police and Border Guard Board (Politsei- ja Piirivalveamet) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [74] Residence permit for a family member
Police and Border Guard Board (Politsei- ja Piirivalveamet) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [75] State fee amounts – Residence permit and rights of residence
Police and Border Guard Board (Politsei- ja Piirivalveamet) · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Published 2025-01-01 · Accessed 2026-08-08 · Archived copy - [76] State fee amounts – Residence permit card
Police and Border Guard Board (Politsei- ja Piirivalveamet) · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Published 2025-01-01 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [77] Residence permit for a permanent resident – Long-term resident's residence permit
Police and Border Guard Board (Politsei- ja Piirivalveamet) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [78] Valitsus kehtestas järgmise aasta sisserände piirarvuks 1292 inimest
Siseministeerium (Ministry of the Interior) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2025-11-06 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [79] Valitsuse 6.11.25 istungi kommenteeritud päevakord, item 4: establishment of the 2026 immigration quota
Vabariigi Valitsus (Government of the Republic of Estonia) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2025-11-05 · Accessed 2026-08-08 - [80] Ley 14/2013, art. 76 (texto vigente) — API de legislación consolidada del BOE, bloque a76
Boletín Oficial del Estado — Datos Abiertos · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2023-05-10 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [81] Ley 14/2013, de 27 de septiembre, de apoyo a los emprendedores y su internacionalización (texto consolidado)
Boletín Oficial del Estado · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2013-09-28 · Accessed 2026-08-06 · Amended by es-boe-ley-28-2022, es-boe-lo-1-2025 - [82] Ley 28/2022, de 21 de diciembre, de fomento del ecosistema de las empresas emergentes
Boletín Oficial del Estado · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2022-12-22 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [83] Visa for entrepreneurs – Consulate General of Spain in London
Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [84] Hoja 14 – Autorización inicial de residencia temporal y trabajo por cuenta propia
Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2025-05-01 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [85] Hoja informativa 14 – Autorización inicial de residencia temporal y trabajo por cuenta propia (PDF)
Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2025-05-01 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [86] Hoja 49 – Autorización de residencia de larga duración nacional
Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2025-05-01 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [87] Hoja 50 – Autorización de residencia de larga duración UE
Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2025-05-01 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [88] Ley 14/2013 – Sección de Movilidad Internacional, texto consolidado (PDF)
Programa de Residencia para Inversores y Emprendedores (PRIE), Ministerio de Economía, Comercio y Empresa · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-06 · Superseded by es-boe-ley-14-2013 - [89] Entrepreneurs – Large Companies and Strategic Collectives Unit
Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones (UGE-CE) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [90] Finnish Startup Permit
Business Finland · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-20 - [91] Residence permit application for an entrepreneur
Finnish Immigration Service (Maahanmuuttovirasto, Migri) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-20 - [92] Oleskelulupahakemus yrittäjälle
Finnish Immigration Service (Maahanmuuttovirasto, Migri) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-20 - [93] Changes to Finnish Immigration Service processing fees as of 1 January 2026
Finnish Immigration Service (Maahanmuuttovirasto, Migri) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2025-12-31 · Accessed 2026-08-20 - [94] First residence permit
Finnish Immigration Service (Maahanmuuttovirasto, Migri) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-20 - [95] Income requirement for persons who apply for a residence permit on the basis of work
Finnish Immigration Service (Maahanmuuttovirasto, Migri) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-20 - [96] Residence permit types
Finnish Immigration Service (Maahanmuuttovirasto, Migri) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-20 - [97] Residence permit application for a start-up entrepreneur
Finnish Immigration Service (Maahanmuuttovirasto, Migri) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-20 - [98] Hallitus uudistaa kasvuyrittäjän oleskelulupaa (Government to reform residence permits for start-up entrepreneurs)
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment of Finland (työ- ja elinkeinoministeriö) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2025-12-19 · Accessed 2026-08-20 - [99] Ulkomaalaislaki 301/2004 (Aliens Act, consolidated text)
Oikeusministeriö / Finlex · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2025-12-22 · Accessed 2026-08-22 - [100] Code de l'entrée et du séjour des étrangers et du droit d'asile, sous-section 4 « Création d'entreprise et investissement » (art. L. 421-16)
Secrétariat général du Gouvernement / DILA — Légifrance · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2024-01-28 · Accessed 2026-08-10 · Archived copy - [101] Code de l'entrée et du séjour des étrangers et du droit d'asile, sous-section 4 « Création d'entreprise, projet économique innovant et investissement » (arts. R. 421-33 à R. 421-36)
Secrétariat général du Gouvernement / DILA — Légifrance · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2025-06-16 · Accessed 2026-08-10 - [102] Carte de séjour « entrepreneur/profession libérale » d'un étranger en France (fiche F35795)
Direction de l'information légale et administrative (DILA), Premier ministre — Service Public · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-01 · Accessed 2026-08-10 · Archived copy - [103] Carte de résident de longue durée-UE (étranger en France depuis 5 ans) (fiche F17359)
Direction de l'information légale et administrative (DILA), Premier ministre — Service Public · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-01 · Accessed 2026-08-10 - [104] Carte talent : carte de séjour pluriannuelle d'un étranger en France (fiche F16922) — porteur de projet: conditions, pièces, coût, durée, famille
Direction de l'information légale et administrative (DILA), Premier ministre — Service Public · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-01 · Accessed 2026-08-10 · Archived copy - [105] Council Directive 2003/109/EC concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents
EUR-Lex (Publications Office of the EU) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-04 - [106] Law 5275/2026 – promotion of legal migration policies, transposition of Directive (EU) 2024/1233 (Government Gazette A' 17/06.02.2026)
National Printing House (et.gr) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-02-06 · Accessed 2026-08-04 - [107] Law 5038/2023 – Migration Code (Government Gazette A' 81/01.04.2023)
National Printing House (et.gr) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2023-04-01 · Accessed 2026-08-04 · Archived copy - [108] New Immigration Law – Legal Flash on L.5275/2026
PwC Greece · law firm · Tier 2 · Published 2026-02-28 · Accessed 2026-08-04 - [109] L.5038/2023: Change of the conditions for granting residence permits for investment purposes
Sioufas & Associates Law Firm · law firm · Tier 2 · Published 2023-09-13 · Accessed 2026-08-04 - [110] Dozvola za boravak i rad (investor information)
Ministarstvo gospodarstva / Invest Croatia · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-07-17 · Accessed 2026-08-15 · Archived copy - [111] Long-Term Residence and Permanent stay
Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Croatia (MUP) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-15 · Archived copy - [112] Radne dozvole – dozvole za boravak i rad
Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Croatia (MUP) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-15 · Archived copy - [113] Temporary stay of third-country nationals
Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Croatia (MUP) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-15 · Archived copy - [114] Uputa za elektroničko podnošenje zahtjeva za dozvole za boravak i rad državljana trećih zemalja
Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Croatia (MUP) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-15 - [115] Work of third-country nationals
Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Croatia (MUP) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-15 · Archived copy - [116] Pravilnik o boravku državljana trećih zemalja u Republici Hrvatskoj, NN 20/2022
Narodne novine / Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2022-02-16 · Accessed 2026-08-15 · Archived copy · Amended by hr-pravilnik-boravak-43-26 - [117] Pravilnik o izmjenama i dopunama Pravilnika o boravku državljana trećih zemalja, NN 43/2026
Narodne novine / Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-04-10 · Accessed 2026-08-15 - [118] Zakon o izmjenama Zakona o strancima, NN 114/2022 (euro conversion of statutory amounts)
Narodne novine / Hrvatski sabor · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2022-10-03 · Accessed 2026-08-15 - [119] Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o strancima, NN 40/2025
Narodne novine / Hrvatski sabor · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2025-03-07 · Accessed 2026-08-15 - [120] EU Immigration Portal – Hungary, family member
European Commission · international organisation · Tier 2 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [121] Residence permit for the purpose of family reunification
National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing (NDGAP/OIF) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-03-10 · Accessed 2026-08-07 · Archived copy - [122] Residence permit for guest self-employment
National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing (NDGAP/OIF) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-03-03 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [123] National Residence Card
National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing (NDGAP/OIF) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-03-03 · Accessed 2026-08-07 · Archived copy - [124] Procedural fees
National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing (NDGAP/OIF) · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Published 2026-03-03 · Accessed 2026-08-07 · Archived copy - [125] Types of residence permission for non-EEA nationals
Citizens Information Board · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2025-11-27 · Accessed 2026-08-11 - [126] Long Term Residency — conditions and eligibility
Immigration Service Delivery, Department of Justice, Home Affairs and Migration · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2025-02-06 · Accessed 2026-08-11 - [127] Start-up Entrepreneur Programme (STEP) — conditions, application, fee
Immigration Service Delivery, Department of Justice, Home Affairs and Migration · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2025-10-14 · Accessed 2026-08-11 - [128] Start-up Entrepreneur Programme — Guidelines, September 2023
Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service / Department of Justice · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2023-09-01 · Accessed 2026-08-11 - [129] Italia Start-up Visa (National/long term visa)
Consulate General of Italy in Chicago (MAECI) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-04 · Archived copy - [130] DPCM 2 ottobre 2025 – Programmazione dei flussi d'ingresso 2026-2028 (GU Serie Generale n. 240, 15-10-2025)
Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri (PDF hosted by Ministero dell'Interno) · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2025-10-15 · Accessed 2026-08-04 · Archived copy - [131] DPR 394/1999, art. 13 – Rinnovo del permesso di soggiorno (consolidated, in force)
Normattiva (Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-04 · Archived copy - [132] Decreto Flussi 2026-2028: quote, click day e nulla osta
Studio Legale Avv. Francesco Lombardini · law firm · Tier 2 · Accessed 2026-08-04 - [133] DPCM 2 ottobre 2025 programmazione dei flussi d'ingresso 2026-2028
Prefettura di Macerata – Ministero dell'Interno · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2025-10-21 · Accessed 2026-08-04 - [134] Italia Startup Visa – Guidelines (20 Mar 2018)
Ministry of Economic Development (MISE, now MIMIT) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2018-03-20 · Accessed 2026-08-04 · Archived copy - [135] Italia Startup Visa – official portal
Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy (MIMIT) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-04 · Archived copy - [136] D.Lgs. 286/1998, art. 26 – Ingresso e soggiorno per lavoro autonomo (consolidated, in force)
Normattiva (Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-04 · Archived copy - [137] D.Lgs. 286/1998, art. 28 – Diritto all'unita familiare (consolidated, in force)
Normattiva (Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-04 · Archived copy - [138] D.Lgs. 286/1998, art. 29 – Ricongiungimento familiare (consolidated, in force)
Normattiva (Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-04 · Archived copy - [139] D.Lgs. 286/1998, art. 5 – Permesso di soggiorno (consolidated, in force)
Normattiva (Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-04 · Archived copy - [140] D.Lgs. 286/1998, art. 9 – Permesso di soggiorno UE per soggiornanti di lungo periodo (consolidated, in force)
Normattiva (Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-04 · Archived copy - [141] EU long-term residence permit
Welcome Office Friuli Venezia Giulia (Regione Autonoma FVG) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-04 · Archived copy - [142] Lietuvos Respublikos investicijų įstatymas (Law on Investments) No. VIII-1312, consolidated text in force from 2 November 2025
Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas (e-seimas.lrs.lt consolidated-law service) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2025-11-02 · Accessed 2026-08-17 · Archived copy - [143] Valstybės rinkliavų sąrašas – Leidimai gyventi (state fee schedule for residence permits)
Migracijos departamentas prie Lietuvos Respublikos vidaus reikalų ministerijos · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Published 2024-07-11 · Accessed 2026-08-22 · Archived copy - [144] Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymas dėl užsieniečių teisinės padėties (Law on the Legal Status of Aliens) No. IX-2206, consolidated text in force 1 July 2026 – 31 October 2026
Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas (e-seimas.lrs.lt consolidated-law service) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-07-01 · Accessed 2026-08-17 - [145] Conditions of residence for self-employed third-country workers
Guichet.lu – Ministry of Home Affairs, General Department of immigration · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2023-09-01 · Accessed 2026-08-14 - [146] Version consolidée applicable au 12/06/2026 : Loi du 29 août 2008 portant sur la libre circulation des personnes et l'immigration
Journal officiel du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (Legilux) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-12 · Accessed 2026-08-14 - [147] Grozījumi Imigrācijas likumā (amending law of 23 April 2026)
Saeima / Latvijas Vēstnesis · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2026-05-06 · Accessed 2026-08-16 - [148] Imigrācijas likums (Immigration Law), consolidated text in force from 20 May 2026
Saeima / Latvijas Vēstnesis (likumi.lv consolidated-law service) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-16 - [149] Ministru kabineta noteikumi Nr. 55 "Noteikumi par arzemnieku nodarbinasanu"
Ministru kabinets / Latvijas Vestnesis (likumi.lv) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2025-01-01 · Accessed 2026-08-16 - [150] The long-term resident status of the European Community in Latvia
Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs (PMLP) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2025-07-24 · Accessed 2026-08-16 - [151] The necessary subsistence
Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs (PMLP) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2026-03-16 · Accessed 2026-08-16 - [152] Latvia temporarily suspends issuance of temporary residence permits to Russian and Belarusian citizens
Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs (PMLP) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2022-06-13 · Accessed 2026-08-16 - [153] State fee for issuing the residence permit
Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs (PMLP) · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Published 2026-03-18 · Accessed 2026-08-16 - [154] Employment Licences Unit – Guidelines for Clients (in force from 19 January 2021)
Jobsplus · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2021-01-19 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [155] Status of Long-term Residents (Third Country Nationals) Regulations (S.L. 217.05), consolidated text
Legislation Unit, Office of the State Advocate (Legislation Malta) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2021-03-11 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [156] Residency Malta Agency – home page (programme enumeration)
Residency Malta Agency · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [157] Application for a New/Extension of an Employment Licence for a Third Country National (WEB-02407)
servizz.gov.mt, Government of Malta · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [158] Malta Startup Residence Programme – Eligibility and Requirements, Version 4.2
Residency Malta Agency · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2025-08-27 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [159] Startup Residence Programme
Residency Malta Agency · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [160] Decision periods – statutory decision periods per application type
Immigratie- en Naturalisatiedienst (IND), Ministry of Justice and Security · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2026-07-06 · Accessed 2026-08-09 · Archived copy - [161] Fees: costs of an application (leges)
Immigratie- en Naturalisatiedienst (IND), Ministry of Justice and Security · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-12 · Accessed 2026-08-09 · Archived copy - [162] Main residency – when the IND considers main residence moved abroad
Immigratie- en Naturalisatiedienst (IND), Ministry of Justice and Security · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2026-07-20 · Accessed 2026-08-09 · Archived copy - [163] Permanent residence permit – conditions
Immigratie- en Naturalisatiedienst (IND), Ministry of Justice and Security · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-05-20 · Accessed 2026-08-09 · Archived copy - [164] Required amounts income requirements (normbedragen)
Immigratie- en Naturalisatiedienst (IND), Ministry of Justice and Security · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-07-13 · Accessed 2026-08-09 · Archived copy - [165] Residence permit self-employed person – conditions, permit terms, fees and treaty route
Immigratie- en Naturalisatiedienst (IND), Ministry of Justice and Security · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-04-09 · Accessed 2026-08-09 · Archived copy - [166] Start-up – conditions, facilitator requirements and permit terms
Immigratie- en Naturalisatiedienst (IND), Ministry of Justice and Security · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-08 · Accessed 2026-08-09 · Archived copy - [167] Vreemdelingenbesluit 2000, artikel 3.30 (consolidated text, valid from 12-06-2026)
Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties / overheid.nl (wetten.overheid.nl) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-09 - [168] Vreemdelingenbesluit 2000, artikel 3.74 (voldoende middelen van bestaan; consolidated text)
Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties / overheid.nl (wetten.overheid.nl) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-09 - [169] Vreemdelingencirculaire 2000 (B), version valid from 10-07-2026 – substantial capital under the DAFT / Dutch-Japanese Trade Treaty
Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties / overheid.nl (wetten.overheid.nl) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2026-07-10 · Accessed 2026-08-09 - [170] Ustawa z dnia 12 grudnia 2013 r. o cudzoziemcach — tekst ujednolicony (Dz.U. 2025 poz. 1079)
Kancelaria Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2025-08-07 · Accessed 2026-08-23 · Amended by pl-aliens-act-amendment-2025-1794, pl-work-admissibility-act-2025 - [171] Rozporządzenie Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji z dnia 26 lipca 2022 r. w sprawie opłat pobieranych w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej od cudzoziemców za wydanie i wymianę dokumentów (Dz.U. 2022 poz. 1583)
Kancelaria Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Published 2022-07-26 · Accessed 2026-08-23 - [172] Obwieszczenie Prezesa Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego z dnia 19 listopada 2025 r. w sprawie przeciętnego miesięcznego wynagrodzenia brutto w gospodarce narodowej w województwach w 2024 r. (M.P. 2025 poz. 1201)
Główny Urząd Statystyczny / Monitor Polski · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2025-11-21 · Accessed 2026-08-23 - [173] Zezwolenie na pobyt czasowy w celu prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej
Urząd do Spraw Cudzoziemców — Moduł Obsługi Spraw · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-23 - [174] Ustawa z dnia 16 listopada 2006 r. o opłacie skarbowej — tekst ujednolicony (Dz.U. 2025 poz. 1154), załącznik część III
Kancelaria Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-23 - [175] Ustawa z dnia 20 marca 2025 r. o warunkach dopuszczalności powierzania pracy cudzoziemcom na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej — tekst ujednolicony (Dz.U. 2025 poz. 621, 1794, z 2026 r. poz. 203, 473, 734)
Kancelaria Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2025-05-16 · Accessed 2026-08-24 - [176] Autorização de Residência para Exercício de Atividade Profissional Independente com Visto de Residência – Art. 89.º, n.º 1
AIMA, I.P. – Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [177] Autorização de Residência Permanente – Art. 80.º
AIMA, I.P. – Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [178] Autorização de Residência para Imigrantes Empreendedores – "STARTUP VISA" – Art. 89.º, n.º 4
AIMA, I.P. – Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [179] Portaria n.º 1563/2007, de 11 de dezembro – meios de subsistência
Diário da República, 1.ª série, n.º 238 · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2007-12-11 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [180] Lei n.º 23/2007, de 4 de julho (REPSAE – regime de entrada, permanência, saída e afastamento de estrangeiros), texto consolidado, 19.ª versão
Procuradoria-Geral Distrital de Lisboa – base de dados de legislação consolidada · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2025-10-22 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [181] Perceperea taxei de viza
Ministerul Afacerilor Externe — Centrul National de Vize · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [182] Tipuri de vize şi scopurile deplasării
Ministerul Afacerilor Externe – Centrul Naţional de Vize (eViza) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [183] Activităţi comerciale
Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrări · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [184] Alte scopuri — administrator, sef de filiala sau reprezentanta, formare profesionala neremunerata, voluntariat, lucrator au-pair, tratament medical, nomazi digitali
Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrari · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [185] How can I obtain a right of residence in Romania if a shareholder / partner in a Romanian legal entity? (frequent questions, English)
Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrări · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2022-01-29 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [186] Informare privind condiţiile de prelungire a dreptului de şedere pentru desfăşurarea de activităţi comerciale
Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrări · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2024-07-23 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [187] Informare privind prelungirea dreptului de şedere pentru desfăşurarea de activităţi comerciale
Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrări · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2024-05-17 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [188] Informare referitoare la condiţiile pentru prelungirea dreptului de şedere temporară în România a străinilor desemnaţi ca administratori ai unei societăţi comerciale
Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrări · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2024-04-25 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [189] Informare privind condiţiile de prelungire a dreptului de şedere temporară
Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrări · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2024-07-10 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [190] Informare privind dreptul de şedere pe termen lung, condiţiile de acordare şi când încetează acesta
Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrări · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2023-03-29 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [191] Apply for an extension of a residence permit for self-employed people
Swedish Migration Agency (Migrationsverket) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2025-02-19 · Accessed 2026-08-21 - [192] How many different maintenance requirements are there?
Swedish Migration Agency (Migrationsverket) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-25 · Accessed 2026-08-22 - [193] Apply for a residence permit to run your own business in Sweden
Swedish Migration Agency (Migrationsverket) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2025-01-27 · Accessed 2026-08-21 - [194] Ansok om uppehallstillstand for egen foretagare i Sverige
Swedish Migration Agency (Migrationsverket) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2025-02-24 · Accessed 2026-08-21 - [195] SFSR amendment register for Utlanningslag (2005:716)
Regeringskansliet · gazette · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-22 - [196] Utlanningslag (2005:716), consolidated text, amended up to and including SFS 2026:1451
Sveriges riksdag / Regeringskansliet · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-22 - [197] Enotno dovoljenje
Zavod Republike Slovenije za zaposlovanje · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-25 · Archived copy - [198] Entry and residence
Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve in javno upravo (GOV.SI) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-12 · Accessed 2026-08-25 · Archived copy - [199] Enotna dovoljenja (eBDP) – Stroški
Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve in javno upravo (SPOT) · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Published 2024-03-27 · Accessed 2026-08-25 · Archived copy - [200] How can non-EU nationals start a business in Slovenia?
Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve in javno upravo (SPOT) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2023-09-07 · Accessed 2026-08-25 · Archived copy - [201] Zakon o tujcih (uradno prečiščeno besedilo) (ZTuj-2-UPB15)
Uradni list Republike Slovenije · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2025-06-24 · Accessed 2026-08-25 · Archived copy - [202] Zakon o spremembah in dopolnitvah Zakona o zaposlovanju, samozaposlovanju in delu tujcev (ZZSDT-D)
Uradni list Republike Slovenije · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2023-04-07 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [203] Zakon o spremembah in dopolnitvah Zakona o zaposlovanju, samozaposlovanju in delu tujcev (ZZSDT-E)
Uradni list Republike Slovenije · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2025-05-06 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [204] Zakon o zaposlovanju, samozaposlovanju in delu tujcev (uradno prečiščeno besedilo) (ZZSDT-UPB4)
Pravno-informacijski sistem Republike Slovenije (PISRS) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2021-06-07 · Accessed 2026-08-25 · Archived copy · Amended by si-zzsdt-d, si-zzsdt-e - [205] Zákon č. 404/2011 Z. z. o pobyte cudzincov a o zmene a doplnení niektorých zákonov (znenie vyhlásené v Zbierke zákonov, čiastka 126)
Ministerstvo vnútra SR (kópia vyhláseného znenia na webovom sídle Úradu hraničnej a cudzineckej polície) · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2011-10-21 · Accessed 2026-08-24 - [206] Cudzinci – podnikanie v SR
Ministerstvo hospodárstva Slovenskej republiky · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-24 - [207] Pobyt cudzinca – účely prechodného pobytu, druhy trvalého pobytu a podávanie žiadostí
Ministerstvo zahraničných vecí a európskych záležitostí SR (Generálny konzulát SR v Užhorode) · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2022-07-08 · Accessed 2026-08-24 - [208] 44. Finančné zabezpečenie pobytu podľa zákona č. 404/2011 Z. z. o pobyte cudzincov (edícia október 2024)
Úrad hraničnej a cudzineckej polície, Prezídium Policajného zboru, Ministerstvo vnútra SR · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-24 · Superseded by sk-uhcp-faq-podnikanie - [209] 13. Doklady potrebné k prijatiu žiadosti o udelenie prechodného pobytu na účel podnikania podľa § 22 zákona o pobyte cudzincov (edícia júl 2025)
Úrad hraničnej a cudzineckej polície, Prezídium Policajného zboru, Ministerstvo vnútra SR · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2025-07-07 · Accessed 2026-08-24