Route family: Remote work
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Countries
| Country and route | Status | Instrument type | Initial duration | Renewable | Work rights | Counts toward permanent residence | Presence rules | Family members may be included | Headline fee | Minimum income | Qualifying income basis | Local work allowed | Route carries its own tax regime |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgaria long-stay residence permit — digital nomad (Foreigners Act, art. 24(1)(23) in conjunction with art. 24s) | Active as of 2026-08-25[1][2] | residence permit as of 2026-08-25[1] | 1 year as of 2026-08-25[3] ЗЧРБ чл. 24с, ал. 2: 'Срокът на валидност на разрешението по ал. 1 е една година.' | Yes as of 2026-08-25[3] ЗЧРБ чл. 24с, ал. 2: 'Разрешението може да бъде удължено еднократно за още една година.' Where the permit expires while an extension procedure is under way, the foreigner has the right to remain on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria until a decision is taken on the application, provided it was filed within the permit's validity. | none as of 2026-08-25[3] The ground rests on remote provision of services to recipients outside Bulgaria. Limbs 2 and 3 of the definition at § 1, т. 36 ЗЧРБ each require that the person 'не извършва работа и/или предоставя услуги на лица на територията на Република България', and limb 3 adds 'и/или не извършва дейност на свободна практика на територията на Република България'. Limb 1 states the condition differently — it requires the employer to be registered or established outside the EU, the EEA and Switzerland and the services to be provided remotely — and does not repeat the prohibition in terms. | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Yes as of 2026-08-25[1] ЗЧРБ чл. 24, ал. 1, т. 13 as published by the register: family members of a foreigner who has been granted продължително or постоянно residence, and of a foreigner granted asylum or international protection, may themselves obtain продължително residence where the documents evidencing the family tie and the maintenance right are recognised under Bulgarian law. The family route itself is recorded separately as bg-semeystvo-na-chuzhdenets. | Not recorded | 50 × national minimum monthly wage (a monthly figure), assessed annually measured over 12 months as of 2026-08-25[2][3] ЗЧРБ чл. 24с, ал. 1: the permit is issued, besides on the conditions of чл. 24, ал. 2 and of the implementing rules, if the foreigner proves an average annual income of not less than 50 (fifty) minimum monthly wages under the legislation of the Republic of Bulgaria for the preceding calendar year, the gross amount of the income acquired being taken into account. ППЗЧРБ чл. 32г, ал. 1, т. 1 repeats the test as a documentary requirement. The multiplier applies to the reference figure's own monthly amount and the resulting threshold is annual, so multiplier_basis is `figure_period`. The figure to be used is the minimum monthly wage for the preceding calendar year, which is not necessarily the one registered as current. | employment abroad, own company abroad, freelance work for foreign clients as of 2026-08-25[3] § 1, т. 36 of the supplementary provisions to ЗЧРБ defines a digital nomad as a foreigner who: (1) is employed under an employment contract by an employer registered or established outside an EU Member State, an EEA state or the Swiss Confederation and who provides remote services using information technology — where the contract is fixed-term, its remaining term must be not shorter than the term of the residence permit issued on this ground; or (2) is the legal representative, a member of the management body, the owner, a partner or a shareholder holding more than 25 per cent of the capital of a company registered or established outside those states, through which they provide remote services using information technology and do not perform work or provide services to persons on Bulgarian territory; or (3) provides remote services in a personal capacity using information technology for a period of not less than one year before the date of the application and does not perform work or provide services to persons on Bulgarian territory and does not carry on freelance activity there. | No as of 2026-08-25[3] Limbs 2 and 3 of § 1, т. 36 state the prohibition expressly; limb 1 does not repeat it, and that asymmetry is recorded rather than smoothed over. | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Croatia temporary stay of digital nomads | Active as of 2026-08-15[38][44] | residence permit as of 2026-08-15[38] Granted as temporary stay; the holder obtains a biometric residence permit, and a visa-required national additionally obtains a long-stay D visa to enter. | up to 18 months as of 2025-03-07[38][44] Art. 61(1) third indent as substituted by NN 40/2025: temporary stay for the purpose of the stay of digital nomads is granted for a term of validity of up to 18 months, within which it may be extended once. The Ministry says the same: 'Temporary stay is granted for up to a maximum of eighteen months (possibly even less).' | Yes as of 2025-03-07[38][44] Once only, and only inside the 18-month ceiling. The Ministry: where the stay was granted for less than 18 months, an application to extend may be lodged not later than 60 days before expiry and the extension is granted for at most six months. | own activity only as of 2026-08-15[38] The route exists for work performed through communication technology for a company, or the holder's own company, that is not registered in Croatia. The definition itself excludes performing work or providing services to employers in Croatia, so the permit carries no local work right at all. | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Yes as of 2026-08-15[38][39] Close family members of a digital nomad who has been granted temporary stay may join them, through temporary stay for family reunification. Applications lodged before the digital nomad has been granted the stay are rejected. | application: EUR 46.45 as of 2026-08-15[40] Administrative fee for granting temporary stay where the application is lodged at a police administration or station. | 2.50 × average monthly net paid salary, previous year per month as of 2021-02-12[38][42] | employment abroad, own company abroad, freelance work for foreign clients as of 2026-08-15[38] Proof of purpose is an employment contract or service contract with a foreign employer, or the registration of the applicant's own company with the tax authority or commercial court plus proof that the work is performed through it, together with a statement that the work is performed through communication technology. | No as of 2026-08-15[38] The definition of a digital nomad requires that the person 'does not perform work or provide services to employers in the Republic of Croatia'. | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Cyprus Cyprus Digital Nomad Visa | Active as of 2025-12-31[4][5] | residence permit as of 2025-12-31[4][5] | 1 year as of 2025-12-31[4][5] 'A first temporary residence permit is issued with a validity of one year.' | Yes as of 2025-12-31[4][5] Renewal applications are submitted to the Civil Registry and Migration Department in Nicosia at least one month before expiry. | own activity only as of 2025-12-31[4][5] The permit is for location-independent work for an employer registered abroad, or for companies or clients located abroad. The department does not state a rule for local employment by the principal; family members are expressly excluded from employment and economic activity in Cyprus. | Not established from a qualifying source[4][5] Not stated. |
| Yes as of 2025-12-31[4][5] 'Right of residence for family members, for the same period as the Digital Nomad.' Family members must obtain their own temporary residence permits following the same procedure. | issuance: EUR 70 as of 2025-12-31[4][5] Issuance or renewal of a temporary residence permit. | EUR 3,500 per month as of 2025-12-31[4][5] 'Stable and sufficient monthly net income of at least EUR 3,500 (after the deduction of contributions and taxes).' The Greek version states the same figure — «σταθερούς και επαρκείς μηνιαίους πόρους διαβίωσης ύψους τουλάχιστον €3500, όπως προκύπτουν μετά την αποκοπή εισφορών και φόρων». The department publishes no uplift per family member. | employment abroad, freelance work for foreign clients, own company abroad as of 2025-12-31[4][5] 'Are employed in a company registered abroad, for which they can work location-independently, or are self-employed offering services remotely for clients located abroad.' The Greek version makes the own-company limb explicit: «Είναι μισθωτός σε δική του ή άλλη εταιρεία εγκατεστημένη στο εξωτερικό» — employed by his own or another company established abroad. | Not established from a qualifying source[4][5] Not stated for the principal. The scheme is defined by remote work for an employer or clients abroad, and family members are expressly barred from employment and economic activity in Cyprus, but no rule is published prohibiting the principal from local work. No value is asserted in either direction. | Not established from a qualifying source[4][5] |
| Czechia Long-term visa for the ‘other’ purpose of stay, under the Digital Nomad Programme | Active as of 2026-06-02[7][8][9] MPO's English page lists the Digital Nomad Programme among the live government programmes as of 2 June 2026 and dates it 'since 2023'. | national visa as of 2025-07-01[7][8] | up to 1 year as of 2026-06-12[7][8][11] The programme placement of an employee of a foreign employer is valid for at most 1 year (programme document section 5.3), and s. 30(3) caps a long-term visa at 1 year in any case. The freelancer's placement has no time limit of its own; the visa still does. | Yes as of 2025-07-01[7][8] Section 5.4: before the long-term visa expires an employee of a foreign employer must apply to extend the programme placement and then, on a favourable decision, apply to the Ministry of the Interior for a long-term residence permit for the purpose for which the visa was granted. The continuation is therefore a different instrument, not an extension of this one. | none as of 2025-07-01[7][8] | Yes as of 2026-06-12[11] s. 68(2)(a) counts time on a long-term visa and on a long-term residence permit toward the 5 years; neither the 'ostatní' visa nor the 'ostatní' permit is on the s. 68(3) exclusion list. Recorded on that closed-list reading; no programme source states it. |
| Yes as of 2025-07-01[7][8] Section 3(2): the closest family members – spouse, registered partner and a minor or adult dependent child of the nomad or of the spouse or partner – may be admitted to the programme, provided they apply for their residence title at the same time as the nomad. They apply for a long-term visa for family purposes; an adult dependent child, who Czech law otherwise excludes from family reunification on a long-term permit, applies instead for a study visa or an 'ostatní' visa for an educational activity. | application: Not established from a qualifying source | 1.50 × average gross annual wage, as announced for Blue Card purposes per year as of 2026-03-24[7][8][10] Sections 4.2.1(3) and 4.2.2(3), identically for both limbs: 'Prokáže dostatečné příjmy ve výši alespoň 1,5 násobku průměrné hrubé roční mzdy vyhlášené sdělením Ministerstva práce a sociálních věcí.' That is the same index and the same multiplier as the EU Blue Card floor in s. 42j(1)(b) – CZK 885,870 a year on the notice in force from 1 May 2026, about CZK 73,823 a month. For a freelancer the programme document adds that a lump-sum contract fee may be spread across the months of performance. | employment abroad, freelance work for foreign clients as of 2025-07-01[7][8] Section 3(1) defines exactly two limbs. (a) Employee of a foreign employer: employed by a foreign business company or public-sector institution with at least 50 employees worldwide, whose contract or employer's statutory declaration provides for remote work by telecommunications, working as an IT specialist or a marketing specialist. (b) Freelancer: holder, or future holder, of a Czech trade licence in an IT-related or marketing-services field. 'own_company_abroad' is deliberately not listed: the programme's own narrative mentions working through one's own company managed from outside Czechia, but the two operative definitions in section 3(1) do not include it. | No as of 2025-07-01[7][8] | No as of 2025-07-01[7][8] The programme confers no tax treatment. Its stated benefits are exactly two – a guaranteed application slot at a mission and a 45-day decision – and the programme document's rationale expressly counts income tax and social and health insurance contributions from long-staying nomads and freelancers as a benefit to the Czech budget. |
| Estonia Digital Nomad Visa | Active as of 2026-06-29[13][17] | national visa as of 2026-06-29[13][17] A visa, not a residence permit; the D visa allows a stay of up to 365 days. | up to 365 days as of 2026-06-29[13][17] Maximum stay on the long-stay visa: up to 365 days (s. 62(3) regime; MFA: 'stay in Estonia up to 365 days'). | Not established from a qualifying source[17] | own activity only as of 2026-06-29[13][14] Telework for the foreign employer, foreign company or mainly-foreign clients defined in s. 62-5(2); the state portal lists the teleworking-visa holder among those whose right to work follows directly from the Aliens Act without short-term-employment registration. Local employment outside that definition is not covered. | No as of 2026-06-29[13] S. 232(1)(1) counts residence 'on the basis of a residence permit'; time on a visa does not qualify toward the long-term resident's residence permit. |
| Yes as of 2026-06-29[13] S. 62-5(6)-(7): a visa may be issued under the same conditions to the alien's spouse, registered partner, minor child and an adult child unable to cope independently due to their state of health or disability (in force 01.01.2024). | application: EUR 120 as of 2026-08-08[17] State fee for the long-stay (D) visa application. | Sources disagree as of 2026-06-11[16][17] | employment abroad, own company abroad, freelance work for foreign clients as of 2026-06-29[13][17] S. 62-5(2)(1)-(3): employer registered abroad, own company registered abroad, or services mainly to clients with a place of business abroad. | No as of 2026-06-29[13] The definition of a location-independent employee covers only work for foreign employers, a foreign company of the alien's, or mainly foreign clients (s. 62-5(2)); employment for an Estonian employer falls outside the visa's purpose and requires its own basis (registration or a residence permit). | No as of 2026-03-13[15] No special tax regime attaches to the visa; the ordinary tax-residency rules (183 days over 12 months, Income Tax Act s. 6(1)) apply. |
| Greece Digital nomads – national entry visa (residence title ‘Z.1’) and residence permit type ‘I.8’ | Active as of 2026-02-06[31][33][36] | national visa as of 2023-04-01[31][33] Art. 68: a national entry visa (residence title 'Z.1'), not a residence permit; a subsequent residence permit (type I.8) is issued under Art. 68(4)/163(8) – see process.stages. | 2 years as of 2023-04-01[31][33] Art. 68(4): a two-year I.8 residence permit, applied for before the twelve-month national visa expires. The visa stage itself is up to twelve months (Art. 68(1)). | Yes as of 2026-08-04[31][33][35] The I.8 permit under Art. 163(8) is renewable while the conditions continue to be met. | none as of 2023-04-01[31][33] Art. 68(2)(a): the applicant declares an undertaking not to provide work, services or works to any employer established in Greece. | Yes as of 2023-04-01[28][31][33] Type I.8 is not excluded from the long-term residence chapter (Art. 143(2)); the Art. 144 conditions apply separately. | Yes as of 2023-04-01[31][33] Art. 68(3): family members receive an individual visa expiring at the same time as the sponsor's. | application: EUR 75 as of 2023-04-01[31][33] Art. 68(2)(f): national visa fee. | 1 × Sufficient resources base amount for the financially-independent-persons permit (type I.8) per month as of 2024-09-17[31][32][33][34] Art. 68(2)(e): sufficient resources, at the level of stable income, fixed at EUR 3,500 per month. Where the resources come from salaried employment, services or works, the figure is net of the tax payable in the country where the work is provided. | employment abroad, freelance work for foreign clients, own company abroad as of 2023-04-01[31][33] Art. 68(1)-(2): self-employed persons, freelancers and employees who work remotely by means of ICT for employers or clients outside Greece; Art. 68(2)(b)-(d) covers, respectively, an employment or works contract with a foreign employer, multiple foreign clients, and self-employment in the applicant's own business established outside Greece. | No as of 2023-04-01[31][33] Art. 68(2)(a). | No as of 2026-08-04[27][37] Neither Art. 68 nor Art. 163(8) carries a tax carve-out. The Art. 5C Income Tax Code 50% exemption is conditioned on taking up a new employment position or carrying on individual business activity IN Greece, which the digital-nomad undertaking under Art. 68(2)(a) excludes. Tax residence still follows the ordinary Art. 4 ITC tests recorded in the country tax block. | |
| Hungary White Card – residency for digital nomads | Active as of 2026-03-11[50] | residence permit as of 2026-03-11[50] | 1 year as of 2026-03-11[50] NDGAP: 'Validity period of the document is maximised in 1 year'. | Yes as of 2026-03-11[50] | none as of 2026-03-11[50] No work rights in Hungary at all. The permit is granted only to a third-country national 'who does not pursue any gainful activity in Hungary and does not hold a share in a Hungarian company', and NDGAP states it 'will withdraw the residence permit if the applicant works for or on behalf of an employer in Hungary or acquires a share in a company in Hungary'. NDGAP also states that during the White Card's validity and after its expiry, no other residence permit may be applied for under another purpose. | No as of 2026-03-11[50] NDGAP: 'Third-country nationals who are holders of a White Card may not be granted a national residence card.' |
| No as of 2026-03-10[45][48][50] NDGAP: family members of a holder or applicant may not be granted a residence permit for family reunification. The single exception is a third-country national child born in Hungary during the permit's validity, who receives a family-reunification permit on notification of the birth. | application: EUR 110 as of 2026-03-03[49] | EUR 3,000 per month measured over 6 months as of 2026-03-11[50] Net. NDGAP: 'The third-country national is considered to have sufficient resources to cover his/her subsistence if the third-country national's monthly legal income is equal to or exceeds EUR 3,000 net for at least 6 months prior to entry', and 'the applicant must have this amount of income throughout the period of stay in Hungary'. Evidenced by a bank statement for the previous 6 months, or a certificate of regular income issued by the employer or the tax authority. Note that the threshold is denominated in euro, not forint, although Hungary's currency is the forint. Single Tier-1 source: no Hungarian mission, EU institutional or other official page states this figure. | employment abroad, own company abroad as of 2026-03-11[46][50] Two limbs only: a verified employment relationship in a country other than Hungary, work performed from Hungary using an advanced digital technology solution; or ownership of a share in a company with verified profit in a country other than Hungary, with the work or the management of the company performed from Hungary by the same means. NDGAP publishes no freelance-with-foreign-clients limb. The Consulate General of Hungary in Los Angeles independently states the same two limbs in its long-stay entry guidance. | No as of 2026-03-11[50] Expressly not. See permit.work_rights. NDGAP additionally bars the White Card to anyone who meets the conditions for guest self-employment, guest investor, employment for the purpose of investment, employment, guest workers, a National Card, a Hungarian Card or a Corporate Card; to holders of a study permit or participants in a short-term supervised traineeship; to posted workers; to asylum applicants and beneficiaries; to persons with tolerated status or suspended expulsion; to holders of an EC residence permit or EU residence card; to intra-corporate transferees; and to those admitted to the EU as highly qualified workers. | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Italy Digital nomad / remote worker permit | Active as of 2026-08-04[53][56] | Not recorded | 1 year as of 2026-08-04[55][56] Maximum. DM art. 4(3) and TU art. 27(1-sexies): the permit is issued for a period not exceeding one year. | Yes as of 2026-08-04[53][56] DM art. 4(3): renewable annually if the conditions and requirements that allowed its issue continue to be met. | own activity only as of 2026-08-04[55][56] The permit is issued for the highly qualified remote activity described in the application, carried out autonomously or for an undertaking which may also be non-resident in Italy. The decree does not authorise any other activity, and art. 4(4) provides for revocation where the requirements or conditions cease to be met. | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Yes as of 2026-08-04[56][59] DM art. 4(6): reunification is allowed with the family members of TU art. 29(1)(a) and (b) only – spouse and minor children – under the art. 29 conditions; family members receive a family permit of the same duration as the worker's. | Not recorded | 3 × minimum income level for exemption from healthcare cost-sharing per year as of 2026-08-04[53][54][56] | employment abroad, freelance work for foreign clients as of 2026-08-04[55][56] | Not established from a qualifying source | No as of 2026-08-04[56] |
| Latvia Long-stay visa for remote work | Active as of 2026-05-20[61] | national visa as of 2026-05-20[61] Section 11 issues an ilgtermina viza – a long-stay (national, D) visa under Article 1(1) of Regulation (EU) No 265/2010 – not a residence permit. Cabinet Regulation No. 676 paragraph 53.11.9.23 records it with the annotation "REMOTE WORK VISA". | up to 1 year as of 2026-05-20[61][62] Section 11(5): the long-stay visa may be issued for a period not exceeding one year, with the possibility of one further long-stay visa of up to one year. During the validity of the visa the foreigner may request a temporary residence permit without leaving Latvia. After the repeat visa expires the foreigner may not receive a new long-stay visa on the same ground for six months. | Yes as of 2026-05-20[61] Section 11(5) allows one further long-stay visa of up to one year, then bars a new visa on the same ground for six months. | none as of 2022-07-11[62] OCMA states on the remote-work visa page: "Recipients of the remote work visa do not have the right to employment in the Republic of Latvia." | Not established from a qualifying source Not stated for this ground in the sources read; the general EU long-term-residence track is recorded at country level and is open on five years of continuous lawful residence. | Not recorded | Not established from a qualifying source[61][64] Section 23(4) attaches to the Section 23(1) residence-permit grounds. Nothing read in Section 11 or in Cabinet Regulation No. 676 states whether the family of a remote-work visa holder has a derived route. | application: Not established from a qualifying source | 2.50 × average gross monthly work remuneration of working persons, previous year per month as of 2026-01-01[62][64] | employment abroad, freelance work for foreign clients as of 2026-01-01[61][64] | No as of 2026-01-01[62][64] OCMA states on the remote-work visa page: "Recipients of the remote work visa do not have the right to employment in the Republic of Latvia." Cabinet Regulation No. 676 paragraph 53.11.9.23 annotates this visa "REMOTE WORK VISA", and the employment-right annotations the same paragraph list – among them "THE RIGHT TO WORK WITHOUT RESTRICTION" and the 20-hour student entry – are separate annotations that this visa does not carry. The OCMA page is the source that states the rule in terms; the regulation is cited because it is the current instrument and shows the annotation scheme the statement rests on. | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Malta Nomad Residence Permit | Active as of 2026-08-07[65][66][67] | residence permit as of 2026-04-17[67][68] Rule 2 of S.L. 123.210 calls it a residence permit issued in terms of the Immigration Act. Residency Malta states it is not possible to hold two statuses at a time: where the holder of a single permit or any other permit is issued a Nomad Residence Permit, the other permits are automatically revoked. | 1 year as of 2026-04-17[67] Valid for one year from the issuance of the residency card. | Yes as of 2026-04-17[67] The permit may be renewed three times, at the discretion of Residency Malta Agency and subject to the applicant still satisfying the programme criteria. | own activity only as of 2026-04-17[67][68] Rule 2 of S.L. 123.210 defines the permit as granting a licence to perform work in Malta consisting exclusively of authorised work – services under a contract of employment with an employer who is not resident in Malta and does not carry on business in Malta through a fixed place of business, or services performed in a self-employed capacity for clients who do not reside in Malta and do not carry on business there through a fixed place of business, provided remotely by telecommunications technology approved by Residency Malta Agency. | No as of 2026-04-17[67] Residency Malta states that the Nomad Residence Permit does not lead to any sort of permanent or long-term residency or citizenship. |
| Yes as of 2026-04-17[67] | application: EUR 300 as of 2026-08-07[66][67] Non-refundable application fee per person, paid to Residency Malta Agency by bank transfer from the main applicant's own bank account. | EUR 42,000 per year as of 2026-08-07[66][67] A minimum gross yearly income of EUR 42,000. Applicants who submitted before 1 April 2024 retain the previous annual gross income requirement of EUR 32,400, on first application and on renewal alike. The FAQ additionally requires proof of a guaranteed source of income at the applicable threshold for a minimum cumulative period of five months from the day of application. | employment abroad, own company abroad, freelance work for foreign clients as of 2026-08-07[66][67] Three qualifying profiles: employment with an employer registered in a foreign country under a contract of employment; conducting business activity for a company registered in a foreign country of which the applicant is a partner or shareholder; or offering freelance or consulting services under contract to clients whose permanent establishments are in a foreign country. | No as of 2026-08-07[66][67][68] Persons contracted by a foreign company who provide services to that company's Maltese subsidiary, and persons who directly or indirectly provide services to Malta-based companies or individuals, are ineligible. Residency Malta states a holder may not offer services to individuals or companies registered in Malta. | Yes as of 2026-03-12[65][68] S.L. 123.210 rule 3(1) charges income tax at ten per cent on chargeable income derived from authorised work, subject to double taxation relief, and rule 3(2) treats that income as the first part of total chargeable income. Rule 3(3) makes authorised-work income not chargeable before the end of twelve months from the later of the permit's issue date and 1 January 2024, unless the holder files a written declaration with Residency Malta Agency that his residence in Malta is not merely of a casual nature. Rule 3(6) disapplies the Final Settlement System, and rule 7 provides that the holder's presence does not of itself make his employer or clients derive income arising in Malta. Residency Malta and the tax authority both state that acceptance as a nomad does not of itself grant tax residency. |
| Portugal Residence permit for professional activity performed remotely for entities outside national territory | Active as of 2026-08-07[69][74] Art. 61.º-B is live in the consolidated text and AIMA operates the procedure. | residence permit as of 2026-08-07[69] | 2 years as of 2026-08-07[69][74] AIMA: the temporary residence permit for remote professional activity performed for entities outside national territory is valid for two years from the date the title is issued. Consistent with REPSAE art. 75.º/1. | Yes as of 2026-08-07[69][74] | full as of 2025-10-22[74] | Yes as of 2025-10-22[70][74] REPSAE art. 80.º/1/a) requires five years' holding of a temporary residence permit and states no exclusion for this route. | Yes as of 2025-10-22[74] | application: Not established from a qualifying source | 4 × guaranteed minimum monthly remuneration (national minimum wage) per month as of 2026-08-07[72] | employment abroad, freelance work for foreign clients as of 2025-10-22[74] | Yes as of 2026-08-07[69][74] | No as of 2026-08-07[69][74] | |
| Romania Digital nomad | Active as of 2026-08-25[76][77] IGI's other-purposes page sets out the conditions and the document list in the present tense and states the 6-month first extension; the Ministry's catalogue lists digital nomads as a D/AS category. | residence permit as of 2026-08-25[77] A D/AS long-stay visa for 90 days, then a residence permit – IGI states in terms that the FIRST extension of the residence right for digital nomads is granted for a period of 6 months, and sets out a separate document list for subsequent extensions. | 6 months as of 2026-08-25[77] | Yes as of 2026-08-25[77] IGI sets out a separate and slightly heavier document list for subsequent extensions. | none as of 2026-08-25[76][77][80] | Not established from a qualifying source Not established. IGI publishes the categories to which the long-term residence right is NOT granted as a closed list: holders of temporary residence for studies; applicants for and beneficiaries of temporary protection; applicants for and beneficiaries of protection other than international protection; applicants for international protection; holders of a residence right conferred by a short-stay, diplomatic or service visa; and holders of a right obtained to work as a seasonal worker or an au-pair worker. This route is not in that list. But absence from a list of exclusions is not the same as a positive statement that time on this route counts, and IGI names only work, commercial activities and family reunification as examples of qualifying purposes. Digital nomads are neither named among the qualifying purposes nor among the excluded categories. |
| Not established from a qualifying source | application: EUR 300 one-off as of 2026-08-25[75][77] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs fee page states the long-stay visa fee (symbol D) is 300 euro, and states in terms that this figure applies to applications sent for validation to Romanian missions through the e-Viza portal from 27 April 2026, applications sent before that date being charged 120 euro. It is a single fee for every long-stay visa symbol, not a per-purpose one. Ukrainian citizens are exempt from the long-stay visa fee under a bilateral agreement in force since 21 October 2016, and so are family members of Romanian, EU, EEA and Swiss citizens who accompany or join them. | 3 × average gross earning per month as of 2026-08-25[76][77] | employment abroad, own company abroad as of 2026-08-25[77][80] Two limbs and no third. Either an employment contract with a company registered outside Romania, proved in the original with an authenticated Romanian translation; or ownership of a company registered outside Romania which the applicant administers remotely. Freelance work for foreign clients without either an employment contract or an owned company is not among them. | No as of 2026-08-25[76][77][80] | Not established from a qualifying source |
| Slovenia Temporary residence permit for digital nomads | Active as of 2026-08-25[81][83][87] | residence permit as of 2026-08-25[87] Article 51.a(4): issued in the form provided by article 58 of the Act, with 'digitalni nomad' entered as the permit type. | up to 1 year as of 2026-08-25[81][83][87] Article 51.a(4): issued for the term of the employment contract or the civil-law contract, but for not more than one year; for a self-employed applicant, for one year, or for the intended period of residence where that is shorter. | No as of 2026-08-25[81][87] Article 51.a(5): the permit cannot be extended, but the foreigner may apply for another digital nomad permit six months after the previous one expired. GOV.SI explains the rule as reflecting the mobility of this category. A holder who wants to stay on may apply at any time during the permit's validity for a temporary residence permit of a different purpose. | own activity only as of 2026-08-25[81][87] Remote work through communication technology for an employer, client or own business established outside Slovenia. The essential point GOV.SI makes is that the holder does not enter the Slovenian labour market; work for a Slovenian employer or client is outside the permit's purpose, and article 35(5) of ZTuj-2 confines a purpose-bound permit to its purpose. | No as of 2026-08-25[87] |
| Yes as of 2026-08-25[81][83][87] The fourth sentence of article 47(1), as replaced by article 29 of ZTuj-2I, names the holder of a digital nomad permit among those who may reunite family members with no limit tied to residence length or permit validity. | application: EUR 50 one-off as of 2026-08-25[85] | 2 × average monthly net salary in the Republic of Slovenia per month as of 2026-08-25[81][83][87] Article 51.a(1), fourth indent: sufficient means of subsistence for the period of residence, monthly at least twice the average monthly net salary in the Republic of Slovenia last published in the Official Gazette. Not pre-multiplied. Which published figure the base is has not been settled – see the note on si-povprecna-mesecna-neto-placa – and GOV.SI describes the same base as an average monthly NET salary calculated on the basis of the average monthly GROSS salary most recently published, which is a third description of the same base and is why the reference figure carries a caution rather than a clean value. | employment abroad, freelance work for foreign clients, own company abroad as of 2026-08-25[81][87] All three limbs are in the first indent of article 51.a(1): employment with a business entity established outside Slovenia, work under a civil-law contract for such an entity, and work as a self-employed person abroad. GOV.SI adds that proof may be provided through any lawful source of income, as for every other category of foreigner. | No as of 2026-08-25[81][87] The permit rests on work for an entity established outside Slovenia and on the holder not entering the Slovenian labour market. | Not recorded |
| Spain Teleworkers of international character | Active as of 2026-08-06[24][26] | residence permit as of 2026-08-06[24][26] A separate one-year national teleworker visa issued by a consulate precedes it for applicants coming from abroad; that visa stage is recorded under process.stages rather than as a separate route. | 3 years as of 2026-08-06[20][24] The PRIE portal states a three-year residence authorisation for applicants already legally in Spain. Ley 28/2022 extended initial residence authorisations under the international mobility section of Ley 14/2013 from two to three years. | Yes as of 2023-05-10[19][20] Art. 76.3: holders of an authorisation regulated in this section may apply for renewal. | Recorded at the source, but not reducible to a single value as of 2026-08-06[24][25] | Yes as of 2025-05-01[21][22] Time on a lawful residence authorisation counts toward the five-year qualifying period for long-term residence. No route-specific acceleration or exclusion was found, so no pr_years_override is set. | Yes as of 2026-08-06[23][25] | application: EUR 73.26 one-off as of 2026-08-06[25] | 2 × national minimum wage per month as of 2026-08-06[25] | employment abroad, freelance work for foreign clients as of 2026-08-06[24][25] Both an employment relationship with a company established outside Spain and a professional relationship evidenced by a commercial contract with such a company qualify. Whether a person working through their own company established abroad qualifies was not addressed by any source retrieved, so 'own_company_abroad' is not recorded. | Yes as of 2026-08-06[24][25] Only in the professional-relationship case, and only up to 20% of the holder's total professional activity. In the employment-relationship case the holder may work in Spain only for the company established outside Spain. Registration with Spanish Social Security is compulsory in both cases. | Not established from a qualifying source |
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Sources
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European Commission · international organisation · Tier 2 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [46] Entry for long stay exceeding 90 days
Consulate General of Hungary in Los Angeles (MFA) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [47] Tajekoztatok – Hungarian-language factsheet index (official permit designations)
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Consolato Generale d'Italia a Buenos Aires (MAECI) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-04 - [53] Visto per Nomadi digitali e Lavoratori da Remoto
Ambasciata d'Italia a Pristina (MAECI) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-04 - [54] Visto per nomadi digitali o lavoratori da remoto – definizione e requisiti (scheda informativa)
Ambasciata d'Italia a San Salvador (MAECI) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-04 - [55] D.L. 4/2022, art. 6-quinquies – Ingresso in Italia per lavoro dei nomadi digitali e lavoratori da remoto (conv. L. 25/2022; consolidated)
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INPS · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2025-12-19 · Accessed 2026-08-04 · Archived copy - [59] D.Lgs. 286/1998, art. 29 – Ricongiungimento familiare (consolidated, in force)
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Ministru kabinets / Latvijas Vestnesis (likumi.lv) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-01-01 · Accessed 2026-08-16 - [65] Nomad Residence Permits (Income Tax) Rules S.L. 123.210 – guidelines
Malta Tax and Customs Administration · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2026-03-12 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [66] Nomad Residence Permit – Eligibility
Residency Malta Agency · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [67] Nomad Residence Permit – FAQs (version 14.1)
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AIMA, I. P. · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [70] Autorização de Residência Permanente – Art. 80.º
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Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (Portal dos Vistos) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [72] Nómada digital – Vistos (Requisitos gerais), Secção consular
Embaixada de Portugal em Buenos Aires (Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-07 - [73] Portaria n.º 1563/2007, de 11 de dezembro – meios de subsistência
Diário da República, 1.ª série, n.º 238 · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2007-12-11 · Accessed 2026-08-06 - [74] Lei n.º 23/2007, de 4 de julho (REPSAE – regime de entrada, permanência, saída e afastamento de estrangeiros), texto consolidado, 19.ª versão
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Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrari · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-25 - [78] Permisul unic / Cartea albastra a UE — obtinerea si prelungirea dreptului de sedere in scop de munca si de detasare
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