Belgium

Residency route coverage

Residency route coverage
Route family	Routes	Coverage
Investment	No routes recorded	No qualifying route as of 2026-06-24^[1]^[9] Belgium provides no residence route earned by investing capital. Title II of the Aliens Act enumerates the special categories exhaustively — EU citizens and their family members (ch. I, Ibis), withdrawal-agreement beneficiaries (Iter), refugees and beneficiaries of subsidiary protection (II), beneficiaries of temporary protection (IIbis), stateless persons (IIter), students (III), victims of trafficking (IV), holders of EU long-term resident status in another member state (V), researchers (VI), trainees (VIbis), unaccompanied foreign minors (VII), third-country nationals staying for employment for more than ninety days (VIIbis), highly qualified workers under the EU Blue Card (VIII) and intra-corporate transferees (VIIIter) — and none of them is an investor category. The Immigration Office's own third-country-national theme hub lists the same set of long-stay purposes. Outside that enumeration only the general discretionary authorisation of art. 9 exists, which is not an investment instrument and sets no investment threshold.
Remote work	No routes recorded	No qualifying route as of 2026-06-24^[1]^[9]^[11] Belgium has no digital-nomad visa and no remote-work permit. Title II of the Aliens Act lists the special categories exhaustively, and every employment-based one of them – employment for more than ninety days, the EU Blue Card, seasonal work, intra-corporate transfer, research and traineeships – is built on work carried out in Belgium for or through an entity that applies for the authorisation. The Immigration Office puts it in one line: work authorisation is requested from the competent Region, and the application has to be made by an employer based in Belgium. Someone working for an employer or clients abroad has no such applicant. The only thing outside that list is the general discretionary authorisation of art. 9, which sets no remote-work conditions at all.
Passive income	No routes recorded	No qualifying route as of 2026-06-24^[1]^[9]^[10] Belgium has no retirement, private-means or passive-income residence instrument. The exhaustive list of categories in Title II of the Aliens Act contains none, and the Immigration Office's long-stay pages carry none. Someone with private means falls back on art. 9 of the Aliens Act, a general authorisation applied for as a type D national long-stay visa, where the applicant encloses a letter explaining why they are asking to stay and the Immigration Office weighs the merits. That is a discretionary power with no published income threshold, no list of qualifying income and no entitlement, which is why this family is shown as having no qualifying route rather than as an open door.
Entrepreneur	Professional card for foreign entrepreneurs · Active Professional card for non-European nationals · Active Professional card for self-employed workers who are not Belgian nationals · Active	Routes recorded
Work	EU Blue Card · Active Intra-corporate transferee · Active Researcher under a hosting agreement · Active Residence permit after the completion of research with a view to finding employment or starting a business · Active Search year after higher studies · Active Seasonal worker · Active Single permit · Active Single permit – highly skilled worker · Active	Routes recorded
Study	Authorisation to stay as a student (recognised higher education institution) · Active	Routes recorded
Family	Family reunification with a citizen of the EU or of a country associated with the EU · Active Family reunification with a foreigner authorised to stay for a limited period · Active Family reunification with a foreigner authorised to stay for an unlimited period · Active Residence permit for the family members of a Belgian citizen · Active	Routes recorded Four routes are recorded, split by the sponsor's status because Belgian law splits them: art. 10bis for a sponsor with limited residence, art. 10 for a sponsor with unlimited residence, art. 40ter for a Belgian sponsor and art. 40bis for a Union-citizen sponsor. The family of a student is governed by art. 10bis, para 1 on the same conditions as para 2 and is recorded on be-student-higher-education rather than as a fifth route. The family limbs for beneficiaries of international, subsidiary and temporary protection – art. 10, para 1, al. 1, 4 and 5, and art. 10bis, para 2/1 – are outside this project's audience and were not documented.

Country facts

Identity

Identity
Local name	België / Belgique / Belgien
ISO code	BEL
Region	Europe
Currency	EUR as of 2026-08-13^[13] Euro; euro-area member since 1 January 1999.
Official languages	nl, fr, de as of 2026-08-13^[13] 'Official EU language(s): Dutch, French, German'. Belgium's three-Community federal structure maps onto the same three languages; which one governs an administrative file depends on the Region or Community handling it.

Memberships

Memberships
Memberships	Bloc: EU Member: Yes as of 2026-08-13^[13] Since: 1958-01-01 as of 2026-08-13^[13] 'EU Member State: since 1 January 1958'. Bloc: EEA Member: Yes as of 2026-08-13^[13] Bloc: Schengen Member: Yes as of 2026-08-13^[13] Since: 1995-03-26 as of 2026-08-13^[13] 'Schengen: member since 26 March 1995'. Bloc: Eurozone Member: Yes as of 2026-08-13^[13] Since: 1999-01-01 as of 2026-08-13^[13] 'Euro area: member since 1 January 1999'.

Permanent residence

Permanent residence
Qualifying years	5 as of 2026-06-24^[1] Two statuses run in parallel and both turn on five years. Aliens Act art. 15 (as replaced by the Law of 18 July 2025, in force 18 August 2025): the establishment authorisation (établissement, card K) 'est accordée à l'étranger qui justifie du séjour régulier et ininterrompu de cinq ans dans le Royaume'. Art. 15bis § 1: EU long-term resident status (card L) must be granted to a non-EU national meeting the § 3 conditions who shows five years' lawful and uninterrupted residence immediately preceding the application.
Language requirement	none as of 2026-06-24^[1]
Integration requirement	No as of 2026-06-24^[1]
Income requirement	Not established from a qualifying source as of 2026-06-24^[1]
Absence rules	maximum consecutive absence · 6 months · to qualify for permanent residence as of 2026-06-24^[1] Aliens Act art. 15bis § 4: the five-year period for EU long-term resident status is not interrupted by absences of less than six consecutive months. A longer window applies to holders authorised to stay under art. 61/27 (EU Blue Card): absences from Union territory do not interrupt the period if they do not exceed twelve consecutive months. maximum total absence · 10 months · to qualify for permanent residence as of 2026-06-24^[1] Aliens Act art. 15bis § 4: the absences must not exceed ten months in total across the five-year period, and those absence periods are counted into the period. The art. 61/27 (EU Blue Card) variant allows eighteen months in total.

Citizenship

Citizenship
Years to naturalisation	5 as of 2026-02-18^[22] Code of Belgian Nationality art. 12bis § 1, 2°: acquisition by declaration is open to a foreigner aged 18 or over who has had their main residence in Belgium on the basis of lawful residence for five years, proves knowledge of one of the three national languages, and proves social integration (a secondary-level or higher diploma from a Community-organised, recognised or subsidised institution; or 400 hours of recognised vocational training together with 234 days' employment in the last five years or three quarters of self-employed social contributions; or successful completion of the integration trajectory of the competent authority). Art. 12bis § 1, 5° provides a ten-year branch with a lighter integration test. Naturalisation proper (art. 19) is a separate, exceptional route conditioned on exceptional scientific, sporting or sociocultural merit and on showing that acquisition by declaration is near-impossible — it is not the ordinary path and its years are not recorded here.
of which on permanent residence	Not applicable as of 2026-02-18^[22] Art. 12bis conditions the declaration on 'séjour légal' — lawful residence — not on holding establishment (art. 15) or EU long-term resident status (art. 15bis). No part of the five years must be spent on a permanent-residence status, so the field has no value to record rather than a value of zero that would imply the question was asked and answered numerically.
Dual citizenship	allowed as of 2026-02-18^[22] Code of Belgian Nationality art. 22 § 1, 1° — the provision under which a Belgian lost Belgian nationality by voluntarily acquiring a foreign nationality — was repealed by the Law of 27 December 2006 (art. 386, 1°), in force 9 June 2007, and the consolidated text carries it as '[…]'. Art. 22 § 1, 2° preserves loss only by express renunciation. Whether the other nationality is retained is a question for that other state's law.
Language requirement	A2 as of 2026-02-18^[22] Code of Belgian Nationality art. 1 § 2, 5° defines 'preuve de la connaissance d'une des trois langues nationales' as minimal knowledge of one of the three national languages corresponding to CEFR level A2, proved by means defined in a Royal Decree deliberated in the Council of Ministers. For a person who is illiterate within the meaning of the Code, only oral knowledge at A2 is required.
Citizenship test required	No as of 2026-02-18^[22]

Tax

Tax
Tax-residency day threshold	Not applicable as of 2026-08-13^[14] Belgian domestic law attaches personal income tax to being an 'inhabitant of the Kingdom', which is tested by domicile or by the primary location of one's assets, assessed on the facts — not by a day count. There is no day threshold to record.
Other tax-residency triggers	domicile, registered residence as of 2026-08-13^[14]
Headline income tax rate	50% as of 2026-08-13^[16]
Income tax structure	progressive as of 2026-08-13^[16] FPS Finance: 'The higher your income, the higher the tax rate. This is called a progressive tax system.' Four bands. Same single-source caveat as pit_headline.
Net-wealth tax	Not established from a qualifying source
Inheritance or estate tax	Not established from a qualifying source
Special tax regimes	Name: Régime spécial d'imposition pour les contribuables impatriés et pour les chercheurs impatriés (CIR 92, art. 32/1 and art. 32/2) — BBIK / RSII Status: Active Type: impatriate How the regime works: base exclusion Headline rate: 35% as of 2026-08-13^[15]^[18]

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Reference figures

Reference figures
guaranteed average minimum monthly income	Local name: Revenu minimum mensuel moyen garanti (RMMMG) / gewaarborgd gemiddeld minimum maandinkomen (GGMMI) Amount: EUR 2,233.61 per month as of 2026-08-10^[20]^[21]^[23]^[30] Period: month Reset: ad hoc Officially published figure: Yes
average gross annual salary in Belgium	Local name: gemiddeld bruto jaarloon in Belgie / salaire annuel brut moyen en Belgique Amount: EUR 48,912 per year as of 2026-08-13^[25]^[26] The Flemish Region defines every one of its economic-migration salary floors as a percentage of this figure: 100% for the highly-skilled category, 130% for the EU Blue Card, 160% for executives and for intra-corporate transferee managers. The Flemish portal labels the amount 2025 and states, in an explicitly dated aside read on 13 August 2026, that it still governs applications submitted in 2026 pending publication of new wage statistics by STATBEL: 'Dit bedrag geldt op dit moment (aug '26) nog voor aanvragen ingediend in 2026, in afwachting van de bekendmaking van de nieuwe loonstatistieken door STATBEL.' Recorded at that value for that reason, not because a 2026 figure has been published. The monthly equivalent depends on wage composition: divide by 13,92 for local employment with a Belgian contract that carries a thirteenth month and double holiday pay, by 12 for a posting on a foreign contract – the portal states both. Period: year Reset: annual Officially published figure: Yes
average gross monthly salary in the Brussels-Capital Region	Local name: salaire mensuel brut moyen en Region de Bruxelles-Capitale Amount: EUR 4,748 per month as of 2026-08-19^[5] The Brussels-Capital Region defines its economic-migration salary floors as percentages of this figure: 78% highly qualified, 100% EU Blue Card, 110% ICT manager, 95% ICT expert, 55% ICT trainee, 140% executive, 65% performing artist. Brussels Economy and Employment states the figure as EUR 4,748 'depuis le 01/01/2025' and publishes identical monthly amounts in its 'until 31/12/2025' and 'from 01/01/2026' columns – i.e. Brussels carried its 2025 figures into 2026 unchanged. No publication date is stated on the page, so as_of is the access date. Re-checked 19 August 2026 by the scoped mini-run: the page is unchanged — still EUR 4,748 'depuis le 01/01/2025', still identical monthly amounts in the 'jusqu'au 31/12/2025' and 'a partir du 01/01/2026' columns, and still no publication date stated, so as_of remains an access date. Period: month Reset: annual Officially published figure: Yes

Changes

Recent changes

Recent changes
2024-06-11	The Brussels-Capital Region replaced the legal basis of its professional card. The Ordinance of 1 February 2024 on economic migration and the Government Decree of 16 May 2024 implementing it now govern the card in Brussels, in place of the federal Law of 19 February 1965 regime that still applies in Wallonia and the German-speaking Community. Affects: Professional card for non-European nationals^[2]^[3]^[4]
2025-08-18	The Law of 18 July 2025 amending the Aliens Act on the conditions for family reunification entered into force. It replaced art. 15 (the establishment authorisation, card K), which now grants establishment to a foreigner showing five years' regular and uninterrupted residence in the Kingdom, and amended art. 10, whose § 5 sets the means-of-subsistence benchmark at 110% of the guaranteed average minimum monthly income under art. 3 of CLA no. 43, plus 10% per additional dependent family member — the benchmark the Flemish professional card imports by reference. Affects: country-core, Professional card for foreign entrepreneurs^[1]^[17]
2026-01-09	The Law of 18 December 2025 on miscellaneous provisions entered into force and rewrote the impatriate tax regimes: the share of remuneration treatable as exempt repetitive employer costs rose from 30% to 35% in both CIR 92 art. 32/1 (impatriate taxpayers) and art. 32/2 (impatriate researchers), the absolute ceiling on those costs was repealed, and the minimum gross remuneration for the impatriate-taxpayer regime fell from EUR 75,000 to EUR 70,000. Affects: country-core^[15]^[18]
2026-06-12	The Law of 16 June 2026 amending the Aliens Act to implement the European Union Pact on Migration and Asylum entered into force. Among the provisions it amended is art. 15bis, which governs EU long-term resident status, including the rules on which periods of residence count toward the five years. Affects: country-core^[1]^[19]
2026-01-01	The federal contribution fee payable on residence applications was indexed for 2026: EUR 242 for art. 9 applications (from EUR 236), EUR 377 for art. 9bis (from EUR 368), EUR 218 for art. 10, 10bis and 40ter family applications (from EUR 213), EUR 202 for art. 19, para 2 and art. 61/7 (from EUR 198), EUR 251 for art. 60 student applications (from EUR 245), and EUR 152 for the single permit, EU Blue Card, researcher, seasonal-worker and intra-corporate transferee applications (from EUR 148). Proof of payment at the 2025 amount was accepted exceptionally until 31 January 2026. Affects: country-core, Single permit, Single permit – highly skilled worker, EU Blue Card, Intra-corporate transferee, Seasonal worker, Researcher under a hosting agreement, Authorisation to stay as a student (recognised higher education institution), Family reunification with a foreigner authorised to stay for a limited period, Family reunification with a foreigner authorised to stay for an unlimited period, Residence permit for the family members of a Belgian citizen^[6]^[8]
2026-01-01	The Flemish Region tightened its economic-migration rules. For the medium-skilled category the employer no longer has to demonstrate a structural shortage of suitable workers on the labour market: the shortage is established by the occupation appearing on the migration list of medium-skilled functions fixed by the Ministerial Decree of 1 December 2025. A work authorisation in that category is valid for a maximum of one year and must be renewed annually even where the employment contract is open-ended, and posted workers are excluded from it altogether. Affects: Single permit^[27]
2026-03-04	The Minister for Asylum and Migration announced an increase in the minimum means of subsistence non-EU students must prove: from the 2026-2027 academic year the reference amount rises to EUR 1,062 net per month, indexed annually, from EUR 835. The same test governs the twelve-month search year after studies. Further study-migration reforms are planned, including a guarantor database and a blacklist of unreliable or insolvent guarantors. Affects: Authorisation to stay as a student (recognised higher education institution), Search year after higher studies, country-core^[12]

Pending changes

Pending changes
2026-09-01	From 1 September 2026 Flanders Investment & Trade will market the professional-card procedure for innovative entrepreneurs and start-ups under the name 'Innovation & Startup Permit', with fast-track processing for applications that include a signed letter confirming mentoring by or collaboration with an innovator, incubator or knowledge institution in Flanders. The Government of Flanders states that the conditions of the professional-card procedure remain unchanged — this is a naming and processing-speed change, not a change of eligibility. Affects: Professional card for foreign entrepreneurs^[24]
2026-09-01	From 1 September 2026 the Flemish Region will levy its own regional fee of EUR 180 on every application for a combined permit, first applications and renewals alike, indexed on 1 January each year and rounded up to the euro. It is charged in addition to the federal contribution fee, so an applicant in Flanders will make two payments – one for the regional examination and one for the residence examination by the Immigration Office. Applications for work cards (as opposed to combined permits) are not subject to it. Payment is collected through the one-stop counter at filing and must be made within 15 days or the application is closed without action. Affects: Single permit, Single permit – highly skilled worker, EU Blue Card, Intra-corporate transferee, Seasonal worker, Researcher under a hosting agreement^[28]
2026-09-01	From 1 September 2026 new Flemish work-authorisation and combined-permit applications run exclusively through the Uniek Loket – Working in Belgium online counter. The e-mail filing route and the downloadable application form remain available only for transitional situations until that date. Affects: Single permit, Seasonal worker^[27]^[29]
2027-08-18	The transitional regime for the family-reunification means test ends. Until 18 August 2027 two benchmarks run side by side: the pre-reform test of 120% of the social-integration income referred to in art. 14, para 1, 3 of the Law of 26 May 2002 (EUR 2,173.88 net per month as indexed on 1 March 2026) continues to apply to applications lodged before 18 August 2025 and still pending, and to applications lodged in the two years from that date where the sponsor was already authorised to stay for more than three months before it. From 18 August 2027 the 110% guaranteed-average-minimum-monthly-income test introduced by the Law of 18 July 2025 applies to every application. Affects: Family reunification with a foreigner authorised to stay for a limited period, Family reunification with a foreigner authorised to stay for an unlimited period^[7]

Verification

Verification
Sources cited	30
of which official (tier 1)	30
Oldest as-of date	2026-02-18
Newest as-of date	2026-08-19
Reviewed on	2026-08-17
Schema version	1.1

Sources

[1] Loi du 15 décembre 1980 sur l'accès au territoire, le séjour, l'établissement et l'éloignement des étrangers — consolidated text (Justel), updated to 24 June 2026
Service public fédéral Justice (Moniteur belge / Justel) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-06-24 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[2] Professional card for non-European nationals (Brussels-Capital Region) — conditions, procedure, fees, validity
Brussels Economy and Employment (Brussels Regional Public Service) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[3] Arrêté du Gouvernement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale du 16 mai 2024 portant exécution de l'ordonnance du 1er février 2024 relative à la migration économique
Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (Moniteur belge) · gazette · Tier 1 · Published 2024-06-11 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[4] Ordonnance du 1er février 2024 relative à la migration économique (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale)
Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (Moniteur belge) · gazette · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[5] Remuneration minimum – permis unique
Bruxelles Economie et Emploi / Brussel Economie en Werkgelegenheid, Service public regional de Bruxelles · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-19
[6] Contribution fee
Immigration Office (Office des Etrangers / Dienst Vreemdelingenzaken), FPS Home Affairs · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[7] Stable, regular and adequate means of subsistence
Immigration Office (Office des Etrangers / Dienst Vreemdelingenzaken), FPS Home Affairs · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[8] Contribution fee indexation
Immigration Office (Office des Etrangers / Dienst Vreemdelingenzaken), FPS Home Affairs · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[9] Third-country nationals — long-stay themes hub (categories of stay of more than 90 days)
Office des étrangers / Dienst Vreemdelingenzaken (IBZ) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[10] D visa application (article 9) — authorisation to stay more than 90 days
Office des étrangers / Dienst Vreemdelingenzaken (IBZ) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[11] Work – third-country nationals
Immigration Office (Office des Etrangers / Dienst Vreemdelingenzaken), FPS Home Affairs · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[12] Minister raises minimum financial requirements for non-EU students in Belgium
European Migration Network – Belgian National Contact Point (Immigration Office, FPS Home Affairs) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2026-03-04 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[13] Belgium – EU country (accession, euro area, Schengen, official EU languages)
European Union (Directorate-General for Communication) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[14] Coming to Belgium – Tax return (who is an inhabitant of the Kingdom / liable to personal income tax)
FPS Finance (Service public fédéral Finances) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[15] Contribuables et chercheurs impatriés — régime spécial d'imposition
SPF Finances (Service public fédéral Finances) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[16] Tax rates — personal income tax brackets and rates
FPS Finance (Service public fédéral Finances) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[17] Loi du 18 juillet 2025 modifiant la loi du 15 décembre 1980 … en ce qui concerne les conditions pour le regroupement familial
Service public fédéral Intérieur (Moniteur belge / Justel) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[18] Loi du 18 décembre 2025 portant des dispositions diverses — Titre 2, Section 2 (contribuables impatriés et chercheurs impatriés)
Chancellerie du Premier Ministre (Moniteur belge / Justel) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2025-12-30 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[19] Loi du 16 juin 2026 modifiant la loi du 15 décembre 1980 … en vue de la mise en oeuvre du Pacte sur la migration et l'asile de l'Union européenne
Service public fédéral Intérieur (Moniteur belge / Justel) · statute · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[20] Tableaux des montants des CCT / Tabellen van de bedragen van de cao's – actualisation au 01.07.2026 (CLA no. 43 of 2 May 1988 as amended by CLA no. 43/18 of 24 March 2026)
Conseil national du Travail / Nationale Arbeidsraad (CNT-NAR) · official guidance · Tier 1 · Published 2026-07-01 · Accessed 2026-08-19
[21] Minimumloon — thematic dossier on the guaranteed average minimum monthly income (GGMMI/RMMMG), CLA no. 43 of 2 May 1988
Nationale Arbeidsraad / Conseil national du Travail (NAR-CNT) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[22] Code de la nationalité belge du 28 juin 1984 — consolidated text (Justel), updated to 18 February 2026
Service public fédéral Justice (Moniteur belge / Justel) · statute · Tier 1 · Published 2026-02-18 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[23] Salaire – Revenu minimum mensuel moyen garanti (RMMMG): base amount under CLA no. 43 versus subsequently indexed amounts
Service public federal Emploi, Travail et Concertation sociale (SPF Emploi / FOD WASO) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-19
[24] Professional card for foreign entrepreneurs — overview (incl. the Innovation & Startup Permit announcement)
Government of Flanders — Department of Work, Economy, Science, Innovation and Social Economy (WEWIS) · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[25] Een buitenlander in Vlaanderen tewerkstellen: hooggeschoolde
Government of Flanders (Vlaamse overheid), Department of Work and Social Economy · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[26] Een buitenlander in Vlaanderen tewerkstellen: leidinggevende
Government of Flanders (Vlaamse overheid), Department of Work and Social Economy · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[27] Een buitenlander in Vlaanderen tewerkstellen: middengeschoolde functie
Government of Flanders (Vlaamse overheid), Department of Work and Social Economy · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[28] Retributie voor gecombineerde vergunning
Government of Flanders (Vlaamse overheid), Department of Work and Social Economy · fee schedule · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[29] Een buitenlander in Vlaanderen tewerkstellen: seizoenarbeiders
Government of Flanders (Vlaamse overheid), Department of Work and Social Economy · official portal · Tier 1 · Accessed 2026-08-13
[30] Autorisations de travail et permis de travail B : seuils salariaux a respecter par les employeurs
Service public de Wallonie – Emploi et Formation professionnelle · official portal · Tier 1 · Published 2026-08-10 · Accessed 2026-08-13